2026-10-17T08:10:42Z https://biorisk.pensoft.net/oai.php

10.3897/biorisk.1 2008-12-03 biorisk

Climatic Risk Atlas of European Butterflies Settele,Josef Kudrna,Otakar Harpke,Alexander Kühn,Ingolf van Swaay,Chris Verovnik,Rudi Warren,Martin Wiemers,Martin Hanspach,Jan Hickler,Thomas Kühn,Elisabeth van Halder,Inge Veling,Kars Vliegenthart,Albert Wynhoff,Irma Schweiger,Oliver climate change butterfly Lepidoptera niche model mapping Europe risk assessment BioRisk 1: 1-712 The overarching aim of the atlas is to communicate the potential risks of climatic change to the future of European butterflies. The main objectives are to: (1) provide a visual aid to discussions on climate change risks and impacts on biodiversity and thus contribute to risk communication as a core element of risk assessment; (2) present crucial data on a large group of species which could help to prioritise conservation efforts in the face of climatic change; (3) reach a broader audience through the combination of new scientific results with photographs of all treated species and some straight forward information about the species and their ecology. The results of this atlas show that climate change is likely to have a profound effect on European butterflies. Ways to mitigate some of the negative impacts are to (1) maintain large populations in diverse habitats; (2) encourage mobility across the landscape; (3) reduce emissions of greenhouse gasses; (4) allow maximum time for species adaptation; (4) conduct further research on climate change and its impacts on biodiversity. The book is a result of long-term research of a large international team of scientists, working at research institutes and non-governmental organizations, many within the framework of projects funded by the European Commission. DOWNLOAD COMPLETE VOLUME [PDF, 46.3 MB] Each chapter may be browsed/downloaded from the links below:0. COVER, TITLE PAGE, CONTENTS [PDF, 608 KB]A. CLIMATE CHANGE, BIODIVERSITY, BUTTERFLIES, AND RISK ASSESSMENT [PDF, 208 KB]B. METHODOLOGY [PDF, 516 KB]C. CLIMATE RISKS OF EUROPEAN BUTTERFLY SPECIES. Introduction and Hesperidae [PDF, 5.6 MB]; Papilionidae [PDF, 1.61 MB]; Pieridae [PDF, 5.0 MB]; Lycaenidae, Riodinidae, Libytheidae [PDF, 12 MB]; Nymphalidae, Danaidae [PDF, 21.2 MB]; Non-modelled species and summary [PDF, 328 KB]D. DISCUSSION OF METHODOLOGICAL LIMITATIONS [PDF, 572 KB]E. OUTLOOK: CLIMATE CHANGE AND BUTTERFLY CONSERVATION [PDF, 228 KB]F. APPENDICES, REFERENCES AND INDEX [PDF, 424 KB]Full-color paperback (EURO 59.00) and/or hardback (EURO 89.00) versions may be ordered at info@pensoft.net. info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/1313-2652 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1313-2644 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 3.0 Pensoft Publishers 2008 Monograph text/html info:doi:10.3897/biorisk.1 https://doi.org/10.3897/biorisk.1 https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/1821/ https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/1821/download/pdf/ en

10.3897/biorisk.2.4 2009-11-27 biorisk

Predicting distribution patterns and recent northward range shift of an invasive aquatic plant: Elodea canadensis in Europe Heikkinen,Risto Leikola,Niko Fronzek,Stefan Lampinen,Raino Toivonen,Heikki aquatic invasions bioclimatic envelope model Canadian waterweed climate predictor model performance pseudo-absences species distribution modelling variable selection BioRisk 2: 1-32 Climate data and distribution data for the Canadian waterweed Elodea canadensis Michx. from North America, whole Europe and Finland were used to investigate the ability of bioclimatic envelope models to predict the distribution range and recent northward range shift of the species in Europe. Four different main types of models were developed using the North American data, including either three ‘baseline’ climate variables (growing degrees days, temperature of the coldest month, water balance) or an extended set of seven climate variables, both averaged either over a 30 year time slice or a longer 90 year time slice. Ten different random selections of pseudo-absences were generated from the North American data, on the basis of which ten separate generalized additive models (GAMs) were developed for each main model type. All the 40 developed GAMs were applied first to North America and then transferred to whole Europe and Finland. All the models showed a statistically highly significant accuracy in the three study areas. Although the differences among the four main model types were only minor, the two extended model types showed on average statistically better performance than the two baseline models based on Bayesian information criterion (BIC) values, the amount of deviance explained by the models, resubstitution validation and four-fold cross-validation in North America. They also provided slightly more accurate predictions of climatically suitable area for Elodea canadensis in Finland both in 1961–1984 and 1985–2006. However, the projections from the individual extended models were more variable than projections from the baseline models. Thus model predictions based on a variety of predictor variables but only one selection of pseudoabsences may be subject to biases, and outputs from multiple models should be investigated to better account for uncertainties in modelling. Overall, our results suggest that more attention should be paid to the careful selection of predictor variables and the use of multiple pseudo-absence sets in the ecological niche modelling in order to increase the reliability of the projections of the range shifts of invasive species. info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/1313-2652 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1313-2644 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 3.0 Pensoft Publishers 2009 Research Article text/html info:doi:10.3897/biorisk.2.4 https://doi.org/10.3897/biorisk.2.4 https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/1822/ https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/1822/download/pdf/ en

10.3897/biorisk.2.39 2009-11-27 biorisk

Species and Communities in Extreme Environments. Festschrift towards the 75th Anniversary and a Laudatio in Honour of Academician Yuri Ivanovich Chernov Marusik,Yuri Fet,Victor BioRisk 2: 73-76 N/A info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/1313-2652 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1313-2644 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 3.0 Pensoft Publishers 2009 Book Review text/html info:doi:10.3897/biorisk.2.39 https://doi.org/10.3897/biorisk.2.39 https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/1823/ https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/1823/download/pdf/ en

10.3897/biorisk.2.38 2009-11-27 biorisk

Corrigenda: Climatic Risk Atlas of European Butterflies Settele,Josef Kudrna,Otakar Harpke,Alexander Kühn,Ingolf van Swaay,Chris Verovnik,Rudi Warren,Martin Wiemers,Martin Hanspach,Jan Hickler,Thomas Kühn,Elisabeth van Halder,Inge Veling,Kars Vliegenthart,Albert Wynhoff,Irma Schweiger,Oliver BioRisk 2: 33-72 In the „Climatic Risk Atlas of European Butterflies” by Settele et al. (2008) some errors occurred for which we apologize and herewith present the corrections. info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/1313-2652 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1313-2644 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 3.0 Pensoft Publishers 2009 Corrigenda text/html info:doi:10.3897/biorisk.2.38 https://doi.org/10.3897/biorisk.2.38 https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/1824/ https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/1824/download/pdf/ en

10.3897/biorisk.3.40 2009-12-28 biorisk

The effects of climate change on biodiversity: Pressing issues and research priorities Krupp,Friedhelm Musselman,Lytton Kotb,Mohammed Weidig,Ilka BioRisk 3: 1-4     info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/1313-2652 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1313-2644 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 3.0 Pensoft Publishers 2009 Editorial text/html info:doi:10.3897/biorisk.3.40 https://doi.org/10.3897/biorisk.3.40 https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/1825/ https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/1825/download/pdf/ en

10.3897/biorisk.3.30 2009-12-28 biorisk

Tethys returns to the Mediterranean: Success and Limits of Tropical Re-Colonization Por,Francis Lessepsian migration invasive species climate change Mediterranean biodiversity Tethys BioRisk 3: 5-19 Many thousands of tropical species have been settling in the Mediterranean during the last decades. This is the result of congruence between the present Climate Optimum, which is expressed in the warming of the sea and the opening of the contact with the Indo-pacific realm through the Suez Canal and a renewed entry through the Straits of Gibraltar. A historical review shows that tropical biota survived in the Mediterranean till the end of the Pliocene Climate Optimum and that presently we are witnessing a re-colonization of the Mediterranean by Tethyan descendants, rather than an invasion by harmful alien species as happens elsewhere. The limits of this resettling as witnessed today are discussed. info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/1313-2652 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1313-2644 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 3.0 Pensoft Publishers 2009 Review Article text/html info:doi:10.3897/biorisk.3.30 https://doi.org/10.3897/biorisk.3.30 https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/1826/ https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/1826/download/pdf/ en

10.3897/biorisk.3.34 2009-12-28 biorisk

The biodiversity network BioFrankfurt: An innovative strategic approach to integrative research, conservation, and education Krutschinna,Jenny Streit,Bruno BioFrankfurt biodiversity network education public awareness scientific communication BioRisk 3: 21-25 Responding to inadequate awareness of the outstanding importance of biodiversity, the BioFrankfurt network was founded in 2004 in the State of Hesse, Germany. It is presented here as a case study and may serve as a model for other parts of the world, such as the Middle East. In 2007, only about 26% of the German population were familiar with the term “Biodiversity”, and most of them only had a vague idea about its meaning. The BioFrankfurt network of institutions addressed this problem, raising public awareness and supporting research, education and conservation. A regional biodiversity education program has been developed and delivered to more than 500 schools. Since 2007, an innovative public relations campaign combines raising awareness on regional biodiversity issues with activities to improve the public image of the Frankfurt area. Because of its geographical focus, the network’s activities gained the attention of local and regional politicians and other decision makers, culminating in the joint establishment of a new Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre by BioFrankfurt member institutions. The success of current activities attracts interesting partners, resulting in challenging cooperation initiatives. The authors are convinced that the network’s concepts and activities have a great potential to profoundly enhance the notion and acceptance of biodiversity issues elsewhere. info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/1313-2652 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1313-2644 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 3.0 Pensoft Publishers 2009 Review Article text/html info:doi:10.3897/biorisk.3.34 https://doi.org/10.3897/biorisk.3.34 https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/1827/ https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/1827/download/pdf/ en

10.3897/biorisk.3.18 2009-12-28 biorisk

Urbanisation in the United Arab Emirates: The challenges for ecological mitigation in a rapidly developing country Gardner,Andrew Howarth,Brigitte United Arab Emirates UAE mitigation environmental impact assessment biodiversity conservation translocation BioRisk 3: 27-38 The United Arab Emirates is a small Gulf country with perhaps the fastest rate of infrastructure development anywhere. While there is legislation in place requiring environmental impact assessments (EIA) to be undertaken for all major projects, the speed and scope of development provides special challenges in devising and implementing ecological mitigation against the loss of habitats and biodiversity that this development engenders. This paper critically discusses mitigation strategies that have been attempted, and suggests mitigation strategies in the local context. It is hoped that this will assist both the environmental consultants involved in the EIA process and the competent authorities who issue development licences, to the benefit of the remaining native biodiversity of the area. info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/1313-2652 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1313-2644 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 3.0 Pensoft Publishers 2009 Review Article text/html info:doi:10.3897/biorisk.3.18 https://doi.org/10.3897/biorisk.3.18 https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/1828/ https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/1828/download/pdf/ en

10.3897/biorisk.3.12 2009-12-28 biorisk

The Key Biodiversity Areas Project in Iraq: Objectives and scope 2004–-2008 Rubec,Clayton Alwash,Azzam Bachmann,Anna Key Biodiversity Areas biodiversity surveys Kurdistan southern Iraq BioRisk 3: 39-53 Nature Iraq conducted biological surveys throughout Iraq during the 2004 to 2008 period under the Key Biodiversity Areas (KBA) Project. This continuing initiative comprises the largest and most comprehensive biological surveys to take place in Iraq in well over 25 years. Under the KBA Project in Iraq, Nature Iraq in cooperation with the Iraqi Ministry of Environment, has visited over one hundred sites in southern Iraq and in Kurdistan in northern Iraq to survey plants, fish, reptile, bird and mammal species. In addition, water quality physical parameters, sediment, plankton and benthic invertebrates were examined at these sites to determine the overall health of key habitat areas. Birds have been a primary focus of the surveys. This has involved the collection of data on these potential sites of key biological diversity including the identification of species, population counts and information on how species are using a site (e.g. breeding, feeding, migration, etc.). This paper provides an overview of this continuing project that will, over time, permit the refinement of data and the survey of more of Iraq as security improves within the country. The paper also summarizes current recommendations for the management of some of the KBA sites in Iraq. info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/1313-2652 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1313-2644 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 3.0 Pensoft Publishers 2009 Review Article text/html info:doi:10.3897/biorisk.3.12 https://doi.org/10.3897/biorisk.3.12 https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/1829/ https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/1829/download/pdf/ en

10.3897/biorisk.3.19 2009-12-28 biorisk

Habitat mapping project of the proposed Iraqi Marshlands National Park area Abdulhasan,Nabeel Habitat mapping Iraqi marshlands marshland restoration BioRisk 3: 55-68 New ecological surveys in support of the creation of the proposed Iraqi Marshlands National Park were undertaken by Nature Iraq in June 2008 at the Central Marshes in southern Iraq. Surveys that occurred in two focal areas - Al Chibaish Marsh (10 sites) and Abu Zirig Marsh (two sites) - were supported by a preliminary land cover survey in November 2007. Satellite images from 2007 for the Central Marshes were acquired to support creation of maps. The “Iraqi Marshlands Habitat Classiffcation System” based on vegetation types has been developed to inventory habitats in these marshlands and to develop a methodology for application elsewhere in Iraq. Six habitat classes (inland running water, river or canal; inland standing water; marsh vegetation; desert; woodlands; and herbaceous vegetation) are included in this classification system, each of which is divided into several subclasses. The dominant habitat subclasses in the Central Marshes study area are: (1) rooted submerged vegetation, (2) helophytic vegetation (reed bed or reed mace bed), (3) free-floating vegetation, (4) terrestrial vegetation-shrub, (5) unvegetated river or canal, (6) unvegetated desert, and (7) flooded communities. This paper constitutes a review of the progress in developing this habitat classification system that remains under development. info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/1313-2652 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1313-2644 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 3.0 Pensoft Publishers 2009 Research Article text/html info:doi:10.3897/biorisk.3.19 https://doi.org/10.3897/biorisk.3.19 https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/1830/ https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/1830/download/pdf/ en

10.3897/biorisk.3.29 2009-12-28 biorisk

Morphological, phylogenetic and physiological diversity of cyanobacteria in the hot springs of Zerka Ma Oren,Aharon Ionescu,Danny Hindiyeh,Muna Malkawi,Hanan Cyanobacteria Jordan Zerka Ma’in thermophilic cyanobacteria biodiversity 16S rRNA phylogeny nitrogen fixation BioRisk 3: 69-82 The freshwater thermal springs of Zerka Ma'in, located in Jordan in the mountains of Moab east of the Dead Sea, are densely inhabited by cyanobacteria up to the highest temperature of 63°C. We have investigated the cyanobacterial diversity of these springs and their outflow channels by microscopic examination, culture-dependent and culture-independent phylogenetic analysis, and by physiological studies of selected isolates of special interest. Both unicellular and filamentous types of cyanobacteria are present, and we identified morphological types such as Thermosynechococcus, Chroogloeocystis, Fischerella (Mastigocladus), Scytonema (occurring as large masses at lower temperatures), and others. Although morphologically similar cyanobacteria have been identified in hot springs world-wide, the Zerka Ma’in strains were phylogenetically distinct based on 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis. Considerable diversity was detected also in the gene sequences of nifH (nitrogenase reductase), encoding one of the key enzymes involved in nitrogen fixation. Nitrogen fixation in a Mastigocladus isolate obtained from the springs was investigated in further depth. The heterocystous strain could fix nitrogen (as assayed by acetylene reduction) at tem peratures up to 53°C. info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/1313-2652 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1313-2644 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 3.0 Pensoft Publishers 2009 Research Article text/html info:doi:10.3897/biorisk.3.29 https://doi.org/10.3897/biorisk.3.29 https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/1831/ https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/1831/download/pdf/ en

10.3897/biorisk.3.8 2009-12-28 biorisk

Space-time variability of phytoplankton structure and diversity in the north-western part of the Arabian Gulf (Kuwait) Polikarpov,Igor Al-Yamani,Faiza Saburova,Maria Phytoplankton diversity Arabian (Persian) Gulf Kuwait BioRisk 3: 86-96 Studies of the phytoplankton community were conducted in the north-western Arabian Gulf in 2005 and 2006. Seven stations throughout Kuwait’s waters were sampled. The influence of nutrient-rich freshwaters from the Shatt al-Arab resulted in high phytoplankton productivity characterized by high species diversity with a strong dominance of diatoms, especially in northern Kuwait. Phytoplankton species richness gradually increased from north to south. Spatial distribution of both total abundance and biomass of phytoplankton indicated significant differences in species structure and size spectrum of the microalgae. The analysis of the temporal and spatial phytoplankton variability (distribution of total abundance and biomass, similarity of species compositions and local community structure) indicated that Kuwait’s northern waters differed from areas further south in terms of phytoplankton structure and temporal and spatial variability. Environmental heterogeneity is mainly attributed to the influence of the Shatt al-Arab system, which affects the temporal and spatial variability of the phytoplankton community. info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/1313-2652 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1313-2644 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 3.0 Pensoft Publishers 2009 Research Article text/html info:doi:10.3897/biorisk.3.8 https://doi.org/10.3897/biorisk.3.8 https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/1832/ https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/1832/download/pdf/ en

10.3897/biorisk.3.16 2009-12-28 biorisk

Biodiversity of free-living flagellates in Kuwait’s intertidal sediments Saburova,Maria Al-Yamani,Faiza Polikarpov,Igor Benthic flagellates intertidal sediments Kuwait BioRisk 3: 97-110 Taxonomic data of free-living benthic flagellates in Kuwait’s intertidal sediments are summarized. A full list of the species composition is presented, including distribution on different sediment types, species occurrence and light micrographs for each taxon identified. A total of 67 flagellate species were identified, representing six classes. Most of them are reported from Kuwait for the first time. The most abundant and diverse species were sand-dwelling dinoflagellates (43 taxa). info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/1313-2652 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1313-2644 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 3.0 Pensoft Publishers 2009 Research Article text/html info:doi:10.3897/biorisk.3.16 https://doi.org/10.3897/biorisk.3.16 https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/1833/ https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/1833/download/pdf/ en

10.3897/biorisk.3.20 2009-12-28 biorisk

Key Biodiversity Areas: Rapid assessment of phytoplankton in the Mesopotamian Marshlands of southern Iraq Al-Obaidi,Ghasak Salman,Suad Rubec,Clayton Phytoplankton Iraq marshlands BioRisk 3: 111-126 Between the summers of 2005 and 2007, studies have been conducted for five seasons in several marsh locations in southern Iraq. During five surveys, 317 taxa of phytoplankton belonging to six major groups were identified. These included: 204 taxa of Bacillariophyceae (represented by 13 Centrales and 191 Pennales, thus 14% and 27% respectively of all taxa recorded), 59 Chlorophyta (28%), one Cryptophyta (4%), 39 Cyanophyta (21%), 10 Euglenophyta (2%) and four Pyrrophyta (4% of all the taxa recorded). The Central Marsh, Hammar Marsh and the Hawizeh Marsh had higher phytoplankton populations compared to all other studied sites. The dominant phytoplankton groups throughout the study area were the Bacillariophyceae, Chlorophyta and Cyanophyta. The dominant species were Cyclotella meneghiniana, Kirchneriella irregularis and Nitzschia palea. A progression in the richness and biodiversity of species occurred during winter. These three phytoplankton groups were dominant in waters of southern Iraq and were responsible for most of the species richness and diversity observed. Generally, sites changed from summer to winter according to the changing conditions associated with nutrients, salinity, temperature, and light intensity. These controlling factors influenced phytoplankton biomass from season to season. info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/1313-2652 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1313-2644 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 3.0 Pensoft Publishers 2009 Research Article text/html info:doi:10.3897/biorisk.3.20 https://doi.org/10.3897/biorisk.3.20 https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/1834/ https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/1834/download/pdf/ en

10.3897/biorisk.3.25 2009-12-28 biorisk

Lichens of Israel: diversity, ecology, and distribution Temina,Marina Nevo,Eviatar Ecology of lichens lichen diversity Israel species composition BioRisk 3: 127-136 The biota of lichen-forming and lichenicolous fungi of different plant-geographical regions of Israel was analyzed. These areas differ in climatic conditions. A total of 350 species from 16 orders, 52 families, and 117 genera were recorded; among them 5% are endemic to the Levant. The highest species richness was found in the Mediterranean area. Species diversity of other areas with more arid climatic conditions were much poorer in comparison with species diversity found in the more humid and cooler Mediterranean region. Saxicolous lichens were the most common species. However, in the Sudanian penetration area, terricolous lichens dominated. Among phytogeographic elements, temperate species were dominant. However, the Sudanian penetration area was characterized by the dominance of Mediterranean and subcontinental species. Most of the lichens studied were xerophytic and photophytic species. They dominated all plant-geographical areas of Israel. In the Mediterranean region, mesophytic lichens were also common. info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/1313-2652 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1313-2644 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 3.0 Pensoft Publishers 2009 Research Article text/html info:doi:10.3897/biorisk.3.25 https://doi.org/10.3897/biorisk.3.25 https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/1835/ https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/1835/download/pdf/ en

10.3897/biorisk.3.5 2009-12-28 biorisk

Complex ex situ - in situ approach for conservation of endangered plant species and its application to Iris atrofusca of the Northern Negev Volis,Sergei Blecher,Michael Sapir,Yuval In situ ex situ conservation strategy relocation translocation local adaptation BioRisk 3: 137-160 We introduce a novel approach for conservation of endangered plant species in which ex situ collections maintained in natural or semi-natural environment are a part of a complementary ex situ – in situ conservation strategy. We provide detailed guidelines for 1) representative sampling of the populations; 2) collection maintenance; and 3) utilization for in situ actions. Our approach is the first that explicitly takes into account ecologically significant (i.e. adaptive) variation of plants in both ex situ and in situ conservation actions. We propose that an important part of the conservation strategy is preserving both neutral and adaptive genetic diversity through a quasi in situ conservation approach. Finally, we demonstrate this approach using a critically endangered plant species, Iris atrofusca from the northern Negev, Israel. info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/1313-2652 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1313-2644 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 3.0 Pensoft Publishers 2009 Research Article text/html info:doi:10.3897/biorisk.3.5 https://doi.org/10.3897/biorisk.3.5 https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/1836/ https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/1836/download/pdf/ en

10.3897/biorisk.3.15 2009-12-28 biorisk

Key Biodiversity Areas: Rapid assessment of fish fauna in southern Iraq Abed,Ibrahim Rubec,Clayton Coad,Brian Key biodiversity areas inland water fish Iraq BioRisk 3: 161-171 Surveys of fish in the southern marshes of Iraq are an integral component of the Key Biodiversity Areas (KBA) Project that was initiated in 2005 by Nature Iraq. This included sampling in the January to February and June periods of 2005, 2006 and 2007. Fish species occurrence, relative abundance, and weight and length were recorded. Species of importance for local consumption were noted. An initial project report included details and photographs of the species observed in 2005. Records based on interviews with local residents are noted. Sixteen “Species of Special Concern” are proposed, considering both economic and ecological factors that may be relevant to a future national fish management strategy in Iraq. info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/1313-2652 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1313-2644 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 3.0 Pensoft Publishers 2009 Research Article text/html info:doi:10.3897/biorisk.3.15 https://doi.org/10.3897/biorisk.3.15 https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/1837/ https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/1837/download/pdf/ en

10.3897/biorisk.3.11 2009-12-28 biorisk

Structure and ecological indices of the fish assemblage of the recently restored Al-Hammar Marsh, southern Iraq Hussain,Najah Mohamed,Abdul-Razak Al Noor,Sajed Mutlak,Falah Abed,Ibrahim Coad,Brian Species composition fish assemblage ecological indices tidal marsh diversity Mesopotamian marshes alien species Iraq BioRisk 3: 173-186 The aim of the present study is to determine the species composition, the structure of the fish assemblages, and to develop ecological indices in the restored east Al-Hammar Marsh. Fish were collected from October 2005 to September 2006 at two stations (Mansoury and Burkah). Fish samples contained freshwater species, both native and alien, and marine species. Thirty-one species were collected, eleven of them marine, the rest freshwater. Native species numbered 14 (45%), alien species 6 (19%) and marine species 11 (36%). Resident species formed 32.2%, seasonal species 16.0% and occasional species 51.6% of the fauna. The abundance of species varied, Liza abu being the most dominant species, with Carassius auratus ranking second and Acanthobrama marmid ranking third, comprising 35.8%, 23.6% and 10.6% respectively. Ecological indices were as follows: diversity ranged from 1.07 in November to 2.01 in July, richness ranged from 0.74 in December to 2.83 in July, and evenness ranged from 0.48 in November to 0.84 in December. The highest monthly similarity was in May at 77% and lowest in December at 29%. Water temperature showed medium correlations (0.62 and 0.58) with both the number of species and the total catch, respectively, while salinity exhibited weak positive correlations (0.05 and 0.26) with both the number and the total catch of species, respectively. Temperature is related to species number, presumably as a surrogate for many other seasonal changes. info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/1313-2652 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1313-2644 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 3.0 Pensoft Publishers 2009 Research Article text/html info:doi:10.3897/biorisk.3.11 https://doi.org/10.3897/biorisk.3.11 https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/1838/ https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/1838/download/pdf/ en

10.3897/biorisk.3.21 2009-12-28 biorisk

Key Biodiversity Areas: Rapid assessment of birds in Kurdistan, northern Iraq Ararat,Korsh Key Biodiversity Areas birds Kurdistan Iraq BioRisk 3: 187-203 Bird surveys to help identify and assess Key Biodiversity Areas (KBAs) were undertaken in Kurdistan in the winter and summer of 2008. The winter survey was from 19 January to 8 February and the summer survey from 7 May to 16 June, a total of 45 days. During these periods a total of 34 sites were surveyed in the North Iraq governorates of Sulaimani, Erbil, and Dohuk and 185 species of birds recorded. Of these, according to IUCN criteria, one species was globally endangered, three vulnerable and two near threat- ened. In addition, 32 species were considered to be of conservation concern in Iraq, based on a system developed by Richard Porter. Of the species observed, 124 were confirmed or probable breeding, whilst 59 were winter visitors. The KBA selection process used the Middle East Important Bird Areas (IBAs) criteria, which considers seven species-based categories. info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/1313-2652 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1313-2644 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 3.0 Pensoft Publishers 2009 Research Article text/html info:doi:10.3897/biorisk.3.21 https://doi.org/10.3897/biorisk.3.21 https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/1839/ https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/1839/download/pdf/ en

10.3897/biorisk.3.14 2009-12-28 biorisk

A summary of birds recorded in the marshes of southern Iraq, 2005–-2008 Salim,Mudhafar Porter,Richard Rubec,Clayton KBA Iraq birds BioRisk 3: 205-219 The marshlands of Lower Mesopotamia witnessed severe draining programs during late 1980s and early 2000s, which turned vast areas of the former water body into desert areas. New field surveys of birds and their habitats in the marshes of southern Iraq were launched in 2005 through a national and international partnership of non-government organizations, ministries and donor agencies. This has resulted in the collection and collation of new data on the status, distribution and habitat requirements of birds and other biota in Key Biodiversity Areas (KBAs) in Iraq from 2005 to 2008. This paper summarizes the bird data obtained in these surveys in the southern marshes, during which 159 species of birds were recorded; of these 34 are considered to be of conservation concern, including eight that are globally threatened. info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/1313-2652 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1313-2644 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 3.0 Pensoft Publishers 2009 Research Article text/html info:doi:10.3897/biorisk.3.14 https://doi.org/10.3897/biorisk.3.14 https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/1840/ https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/1840/download/pdf/ en

10.3897/biorisk.4.41 2010-07-06 biorisk

DAISIE and arthropod invasions in Europe Hulme,Philip Roy,David BioRisk 4: 1-3   info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/1313-2652 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1313-2644 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 3.0 Pensoft Publishers 2010 Editorial text/html info:doi:10.3897/biorisk.4.41 https://doi.org/10.3897/biorisk.4.41 https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/1841/ https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/1841/download/pdf/ en

10.3897/biorisk.4.43 2010-07-06 biorisk

Introduction. Chapter 1 Nentwig,Wolfgang Josefsson,Melanie BioRisk 4: 5-9   info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/1313-2652 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1313-2644 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 3.0 Pensoft Publishers 2010 Research Article text/html info:doi:10.3897/biorisk.4.43 https://doi.org/10.3897/biorisk.4.43 https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/1842/ https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/1842/download/pdf/ en

10.3897/biorisk.4.70 2010-07-06 biorisk

Taxonomy, time and geographic patterns. Chapter 2 Roques,Alain aliens arthropods Europe globalization taxonomy Asia drivers of biological invasion BioRisk 4: 11-26 A total of 1590 species of arthropods alien to Europe have already established on the continent, including 226 more or less cosmopolitan species of uncertain origin (cryptogenic). These alien species are dispersed across 33 taxonomic orders, including crustaceans, chilopods, diplopods, pauropods, Symphyla, mites, arachnids, and insects. However, insects largely dominate, accounting for more than 87% of the species, far in excess of mites (6.4%). Three of the insect orders, namely Coleoptera, Hemiptera and Hymenoptera, overall account for nearly 65 % of the total. The alien fauna seems to be highly diverse with a total of 257 families involved, of which 30 have no native representatives. However, just 11 families contribute more than 30 species, mainly aphids, scales and hymenopteran chalcids. For a number of families, the arrival of alien species has significantly modified the composition of the fauna in Europe. Examples are given. The number of new records of aliens per year has increased exponentially since the 16th century, but a significant acceleration was observed since the second half of the 20th century, with an average of 19.6 alien species newly reported per year in Europe between 2000 and 2008. This acceleration appears to be mainly related to the arrival of phytophagous species, probably with the plant trade, whereas the contribution of detritivores, parasitoids and predators has decreased. Some taxa have not shown any acceleration in the rate of arrivals. Asia has supplied the largest number of alien arthropods occurring in Europe (26.7 %), followed by North America (21.9%) but large differences in the region of origin are apparent between taxa. Once established, most alien species have not spread throughout Europe, at least yet, with 43.6 % of the species only present in one or two countries, and less than 1% present in more than 40 countries. Large differences also exist between European countries in the total number of alien arthropods recorded per country. Italy (700 species) and France (690 species), followed by Great Britain (533 species), host many more species than other countries. The number of alien species per country is significantly correlated with socioeconomic and demographic variables. info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/1313-2652 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1313-2644 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 3.0 Pensoft Publishers 2010 Research Article text/html info:doi:10.3897/biorisk.4.70 https://doi.org/10.3897/biorisk.4.70 https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/1843/ https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/1843/download/pdf/ en

10.3897/biorisk.4.60 2010-07-06 biorisk

Pathways and vectors of alien arthropods in Europe. Chapter 3 Rabitsch,Wolfgang alien species non-native species pathways vectors Europe BioRisk 4: 27-43 This chapter reviews the pathways and vectors of the terrestrial alien arthropod species in Europe according to the DAISIE-database. The majority of species (1341 spp., 86%) were introduced unintentionally, whereas 218 species (14%) were introduced intentionally, almost all of these for biological control purposes. The horticultural/ornamental-pathway is by far the most important (468 spp., 29%), followed by unintentional escapees (e.g., from greenhouses, 204 spp., 13%), stored product pests (201 spp., 12%), stowaways (95 spp., 6%), forest and crop pests (90 spp. and 70 spp., 6% and 4%). For 431 species (27%), the pathway is unknown. The unaided pathway, describing leading-edge dispersal of an alien species to a new region from a donor region where it is also alien, is expected to be common for arthropods in continental Europe, although not precisely documented in the data. Selected examples are given for each pathway. The spatiotemporal signal in the relevance of pathways and vectors and implications for alien species management and policy options are also discussed. Identifying and tackling pathways is considered an important component of any strategy to reduce propagule pressure of the often small and unintentionally translocated, mega-diverse arthropods. This requires coordination and clear responsibilities for all sectors involved in policy development and for all associated stake-holders. info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/1313-2652 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1313-2644 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 3.0 Pensoft Publishers 2010 Research Article text/html info:doi:10.3897/biorisk.4.60 https://doi.org/10.3897/biorisk.4.60 https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/1844/ https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/1844/download/pdf/ en

10.3897/biorisk.4.66 2010-07-06 biorisk

Invaded habitats. Chapter 4 Lopez Vaamonde,Carlos Glavendekic,Milka Rosa Paiva,Maria alien arthropod habitat Europe level of invasion urban semi-urban BioRisk 4: 46-50 More than 65% (1040 species) of arthropod species alien to Europe are associated with human-made habitats, especially parks and gardens, human settlements and agricultural lands, whereas woodlands are yet colonized by less than 20% of the alien fauna, which still has a negligible representation in the other natural and semi-natural habitats. Large differences in habitat affinity are observed between alien taxonomic groups. Phytophagous species are predominant among aliens, representing 47.2% of species alien to Europe. info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/1313-2652 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1313-2644 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 3.0 Pensoft Publishers 2010 Research Article text/html info:doi:10.3897/biorisk.4.66 https://doi.org/10.3897/biorisk.4.66 https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/1845/ https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/1845/download/pdf/ en

10.3897/biorisk.4.42 2010-07-06 biorisk

Impact of alien terrestrial arthropods in Europe. Chapter 5 Kenis,Marc Branco,Manuela Biological invasions economic impact environmental impact alien arthropods BioRisk 4: 51-71 This chapter reviews the effects of alien terrestrial arthropods on the economy, society and environment in Europe. Many alien insect and mite species cause serious socio-economic hazards as pests of agriculture, horticulture, stored products and forestry. They may also affect human or animal health. Interestingly, there is relatively little information available on the exact yield and financial losses due to alien agricultural and forestry pests in Europe, particularly at continental scale. Several alien species may have a positive impact on the economy, for example parasitoids and predators introduced for the biological control of important pests. Invasive alien arthropods can also cause environmental hazards. They may affect native biodiversity through various mechanisms, including herbivory, predation, parasitism, competition for resource and space, or as vectors of diseases. They can also affect ecosystem services and processes through cascading effects. However, these ecological impacts are poorly studied, particularly in Europe, where only a handful cases have been reported. info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/1313-2652 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1313-2644 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 3.0 Pensoft Publishers 2010 Research Article text/html info:doi:10.3897/biorisk.4.42 https://doi.org/10.3897/biorisk.4.42 https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/1846/ https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/1846/download/pdf/ en

10.3897/biorisk.4.67 2010-07-06 biorisk

Future trends. Chapter 6 Rasplus,Jean-Yves BioRisk 4: 73-80   info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/1313-2652 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1313-2644 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 3.0 Pensoft Publishers 2010 Research Article text/html info:doi:10.3897/biorisk.4.67 https://doi.org/10.3897/biorisk.4.67 https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/1847/ https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/1847/download/pdf/ en

10.3897/biorisk.4.54 2010-07-06 biorisk

Alien terrestrial crustaceans (Isopods and Amphipods). Chapter 7.1 Cochard,Pierre-Olivier Vilisics,Ferenc Sechet,Emmanuel Woodlice lawnshrimps Europe alien BioRisk 4: 81-96 A total of 17 terrestrial crustacean species aliens to Europe of which 13 isopods (woodlice) and 4 amphipods (lawn shrimps) have established on the continent. In addition, 21 species native to Europe were introduced in a European region to which they are not native. The establishment of alien crustacean species in Europe slowly increased during the 20th century without any marked changes during the recent decades. Almost all species alien to Europe originate from sub-tropical or tropical areas. Most of the initial introductions were recorded in greenhouses, botanical gardens and urban parks, probably associated with passive transport of soil, plants or compost. Alien woodlice are still confined to urban habitats. Natural habitats have only been colonized by three amphipod species in the family Talitridade. info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/1313-2652 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1313-2644 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 3.0 Pensoft Publishers 2010 Research Article text/html info:doi:10.3897/biorisk.4.54 https://doi.org/10.3897/biorisk.4.54 https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/1848/ https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/1848/download/pdf/ en

10.3897/biorisk.4.51 2010-07-06 biorisk

Myriapods (Myriapoda). Chapter 7.2 Stoev,Pavel Zapparoli,Marzio Golovatch,Sergei Enghoff,Henrik Akkari,Nesrine Barber,Anthony Diplopoda Chilopoda Symphyla Pauropoda Europe alien invasions intercepted species biogeographical patterns BioRisk 4: 97-130 Alien myriapods in Europe have never been subject to a comprehensive review. Currently, 40 species belonging to 23 families and 11 orders can be regarded as alien to Europe, which accounts approximately for about 1.8% of all species known on the continent. Millipedes (Class Diplopoda) are represented by 20 alien species, followed by centipedes (Class Chilopoda) with 16, symphylans with 3 and pauropods with only 1. In addition there are numerous cases of continental species introduced to the Atlantic and Mediterra info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/1313-2652 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1313-2644 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 3.0 Pensoft Publishers 2010 Research Article text/html info:doi:10.3897/biorisk.4.51 https://doi.org/10.3897/biorisk.4.51 https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/1849/ https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/1849/download/pdf/ en

10.3897/biorisk.4.48 2010-07-06 biorisk

Spiders (Araneae). Chapter 7.3 Nentwig,Wolfgang Kobelt,Manuel Buildings urban area greenhouse pathways venomous spiders Europe alien BioRisk 4: 131-147 A total of 47 spider species are alien to Europe; this corresponds to 1.3 % of the native spider fauna. They belong to (in order of decreasing abundance) Theridiidae (10 species), Pholcidae (7 species), Sparassidae, Salticidae, Linyphiidae, Oonopidae (4-5 species each) and 11 further families. There is a remarkable increase of new records in the last years and the arrival of one new species for Europe per year has been predicted for the next decades. One third of alien spiders have an Asian origin, one fifth comes from North America and Africa each. 45 % of species may originate from temperate habitats and 55 % from tropical habitats. In the past banana or other fruit shipments were an important pathway of introduction; today potted plants and probably container shipments in general are more important. Most alien spiders established in and around human buildings, only few species established in natural sites. No environmental impact of alien species is known so far, but some alien species are theoretically dangerous to humans. info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/1313-2652 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1313-2644 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 3.0 Pensoft Publishers 2010 Research Article text/html info:doi:10.3897/biorisk.4.48 https://doi.org/10.3897/biorisk.4.48 https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/1850/ https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/1850/download/pdf/ en

10.3897/biorisk.4.58 2010-07-06 biorisk

Mites and ticks (Acari). Chapter 7.4 Navajas,Maria Migeon,Alain Estrada-Peña,Agustin Mailleux,Anne-Catherine Servigne,Pablo Petanović,Radmila Europe alien mite tick Acari Eriophyidae Tetranychidae biological control Tetranychus evansi Oligonychus perseae Polyphagotarsonemus latus Brevipalpus californicus Aceria sheldoni Aculops pelekassi Dermatophagoides evansi Varroa destructor BioRisk 4: 149-192 The inventory of the alien Acari of Europe includes 96 species alien to Europe and 5 cryptogenic species. Among the alien species, 87 are mites and 9 tick species. Besides ticks which are obligate ectoparasites, 14 mite species belong to the parasitic/predator regime. Among these species, some invaded Europe with rodents (8 spp.) and others are parasitic to birds (2 spp). The remaining 77 mite species are all phytophagous and among these 40% belong to the Eriophyidae (37 spp.) and 29% to the Tetranychidae (27 spp.) families. These two families include the most significant agricultural pest. The rate of introductions has exponentially increased within the 20th century, the amplification of plant trade and agricultural commodities movements being the major invasion pathways. Most of the alien mite species (52%) are from North America, Asia (25%), and Central and South America (10%). Half of the ticks (4 spp.) alien to Europe originated from Africa. Most of the mite species are inconspicuous and data regarding invasive species and distribution range is only partially available. More research is needed for a better understanding of the ecological and economic effects of introduced Acari. info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/1313-2652 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1313-2644 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 3.0 Pensoft Publishers 2010 Research Article text/html info:doi:10.3897/biorisk.4.58 https://doi.org/10.3897/biorisk.4.58 https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/1851/ https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/1851/download/pdf/ en

10.3897/biorisk.4.56 2010-07-06 biorisk

Longhorn beetles (Coleoptera, Cerambycidae). Chapter 8.1 Cocquempot,Christian Lindelöw,Åke Cerambycidae Europe Introductions Establishments Biogeographical origins Pathways Impacts BioRisk 4: 193-218 A total of 19 alien longhorn beetle species have established in Europe where they presently account for ca. 2.8 % of the total cerambycid fauna. Most species belong to the subfamilies Cerambycinae and Laminae which are prevalent in the native fauna as well. The alien species mainly established during the period 1975-1999, arriving predominantly from Asia. France, Spain and Italy are by far the most invaded countries. All species have been introduced accidentally. Wood-derived products such as wood- packaging material and palettes, plants for planting, and bonsais constitute invasive pathways of increasing importance. However, only few species have yet colonized natural habitats outside parks and gardens. Present ecological and economical impacts, and future trends are discussed. info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/1313-2652 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1313-2644 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 3.0 Pensoft Publishers 2010 Research Article text/html info:doi:10.3897/biorisk.4.56 https://doi.org/10.3897/biorisk.4.56 https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/1852/ https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/1852/download/pdf/ en

10.3897/biorisk.4.64 2010-07-06 biorisk

Weevils and Bark Beetles (Coleoptera, Curculionoidea). Chapter 8.2 Sauvard,Daniel Branco,Manuela Lakatos,Ferenc Faccoli,Massimo Kirkendall,Lawrence Europe Coleoptera Curculionoidea Curculionidae alien species invasive species xylophagy seed feeder BioRisk 4: 219-266 We record 201 alien curculionoids established in Europe, of which 72 originates from outside Europe. Aliens to Europe belong to five families, but four-fifth of them are from family Curculionidae. Many families and subfamilies, among which species-rich ones, have few representatives among alien curculionoids, whereas some others are over-represented; these latter, Dryophthoridae, Cossoninae and specially Scolytinae, all contains many xylophagous species. The number of new records of alien species increases continuously, with an acceleration during the last decades. Aliens to Europe originate from all parts of the world, but mainly Asia; few alien curculionoids originate from Africa. Italy and France host the largest number of alien to Europe. The number of aliens per country decreases eastwards, but is mainly correlated with importations amount and, secondary, with warm climates. All alien curculionoids have been introduced accidentally via international shipping. Wood and seed borers are specially liable to human-mediated dispersal due to their protected habitat. Alien curculionoids mainly attack stems, and half of them are xylophagous. The majority of alien curculionoids live in human-modified habitats, but many species live in forests and other natural or semi-natural habitats. Several species are pests, among which grain feeders as Sitophilus sp. are the most damaging. info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/1313-2652 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1313-2644 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 3.0 Pensoft Publishers 2010 Research Article text/html info:doi:10.3897/biorisk.4.64 https://doi.org/10.3897/biorisk.4.64 https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/1853/ https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/1853/download/pdf/ en

10.3897/biorisk.4.52 2010-07-06 biorisk

Leaf and Seed Beetles (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae). Chapter 8.3 Beenen,Ron Roques,Alain Coleoptera Chrysomelidae Bruchidae seed beetle leaf beetle bioinvasion alien Europe translocation introduction BioRisk 4: 267-292 The inventory of the leaf and seed beetles alien to Europe revealed a total of 25 species of which 14 seed beetles (bruchids) and 11 leaf beetles mostly belonging to the subfamilies Alticinae and Chrysomelinae. At present, aliens account for 9.4% of the total fauna of seed beetles in Europe whereas this percentage is less than 1% for leaf beetles. Whilst seed beetles dominated the introductions in Europe until 1950, there has been an exponential increase in the rate of arrival of leaf beetles since then. New leaf beetles arrived at an average rate of 0.6 species per year during the period 2000–2009. Most alien species originated from Asia but this pattern is mainly due to seed beetles of which a half are of Asian origin whereas leaf beetles predominantly originated from North America (36.4%). Unlike other insect groups, a large number of alien species have colonized most of Europe. All but one species have been introduced accidentally with either the trade of beans or as contaminants of vegetal crops or stowaway. Most aliens presently concentrate in man-made habitats but little affect natural habitats (<6%). Highly negative economic impacts have been recorded on stored pulses of legumes and crops but very little is known about possible ecological impact. info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/1313-2652 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1313-2644 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 3.0 Pensoft Publishers 2010 Research Article text/html info:doi:10.3897/biorisk.4.52 https://doi.org/10.3897/biorisk.4.52 https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/1854/ https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/1854/download/pdf/ en

10.3897/biorisk.4.49 2010-07-06 biorisk

Ladybeetles (Coccinellidae). Chapter 8.4 Roy,Helen Migeon,Alain Coccinellid ladybird alien Europe biological control agent Harmonia axyridis distribution patterns BioRisk 4: 293-313 The majority of Coccinellidae are beneficial predators and they have received considerable research attention because of their potential as biological control agents. Indeed the role of coccinellids as predators of pest insects has been a major factor in the movement of coccinellids between countries. The commercial production of coccinellids by biological control companies and local producers led to a rapid increase in distribution thoughout the 1990’s. To date, 13 alien coccinellid species have been documented in Europe; 11 of these are alien to Europe (two are alien to Great Britain and Sweden but native within Europe). The distribution of alien coccinellids in Europe mirrors the biogeographical distribution and patterns of introduction. Some species have dispersed widely; Harmonia axyridis has spread rapidly from countries where it was deliberately introduced to many others across Europe. The ecological and economic impacts of alien coccinellids are not well documented. In this chapter we provide an overview of the temporal and spatial patterns of alien coccinellids in Europe. info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/1313-2652 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1313-2644 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 3.0 Pensoft Publishers 2010 Research Article text/html info:doi:10.3897/biorisk.4.49 https://doi.org/10.3897/biorisk.4.49 https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/1855/ https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/1855/download/pdf/ en

10.3897/biorisk.4.61 2010-07-06 biorisk

Coleoptera families other than Cerambycidae, Curculionidae sensu lato, Chrysomelidae sensu lato and Coccinelidae. Chapter 8.5 Denux,Olivier Zagatti,Pierre Europe beetles Dermestidae Nitidulidae Anobiidae alien species invasive species stored products pests BioRisk 4: 315-406 Here we consider 274 alien Coleoptera species belonging to 41 of the 137 beetle families in Europe (Cerambycidae, Curculionidae sensu lato, Chrysomelidae sensu lato and Coccinelidae are treated separately elsewhere). Among the families we consider asinvaded the European fauna, Acanthocnemidae and Ptilodactylidae represent new arrivals. Many species-rich families have surprisingly few aliens, whereas some relatively minor families such as Dermestidae, Nitidulidae and Anobiidae have a relatively high representation of alien species. Since the start of the 19th century, the number of coleopteran aliens introduced into Europe has continued to increase. Alien species colonizing Europe derive from a wide range of geographic regions as well as ecozones, but the most important source area is Asia. The countries with the largest number of alien species established are France, Germany and Italy. The majority have been introduced accidentally via international transport mechanisms. The most important route for importation is stored products and crops, followed by transport of wood, then horticultural and ornamental plants. Most alien species in these families are found within anthropogenic habitats in Europe. The introduction of invasive alien beetles in these families has had significant economic impacts, particularly as pests of stored foodstuffs, as well as serious ecological impacts. For example, the buprestid species Agrilus planipennis, recently recorded in Russia, is an important potential economic threat which may also impact the biodiversity associated with ash trees. info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/1313-2652 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1313-2644 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 3.0 Pensoft Publishers 2010 Research Article text/html info:doi:10.3897/biorisk.4.61 https://doi.org/10.3897/biorisk.4.61 https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/1856/ https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/1856/download/pdf/ en

10.3897/biorisk.4.44 2010-07-06 biorisk

True Bugs (Hemiptera, Heteroptera). Chapter 9.1 Rabitsch,Wolfgang alien non-native Hemiptera Heteroptera Europe BioRisk 4: 407-433 The inventory of the alien Heteroptera of Europe includes 16 species alien to Europe, 25 species alien in Europe and 7 cryptogenic species. This is approximately 1.7 % of the Heteroptera species occurring in Europe. Most species belong to Miridae (20 spp.), Tingidae (8 spp.), and Anthocoridae (7 spp.). The rate of introductions has exponentially increased within the 20th century and since 1990 an approximate arrival rate of seven species per decade has been observed. Most of the species alien to Europe are from North America, almost all of the species alien in Europe originate in the Mediterranean region and were translocated to central and northern Europe. Most alien Heteroptera species are known from Central and Western Europe (Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Great Britain). Ornamental trade and movement as stowaways with transport vehicles are the major pathways for alien Heteroptera. Most alien Heteroptera colonize habitats under strong human influence, like agricultural, horticultural, and domestic habitats, parks and gardens. A few species prefer woodland including plantations of non-native forest trees. Impacts of alien Heteroptera in Europe are poorly investigated. A few species are considered pests in agriculture, forestry, or on ornamentals. More research is needed for a better understanding of the ecological and economic effects of introduced Heteroptera. info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/1313-2652 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1313-2644 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 3.0 Pensoft Publishers 2010 Research Article text/html info:doi:10.3897/biorisk.4.44 https://doi.org/10.3897/biorisk.4.44 https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/1857/ https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/1857/download/pdf/ en

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Aphids (Hemiptera, Aphididae) Chapter 9.2 Coeur d’Acier,Armelle Pérez-Hidalgo,Nicolás Petrović-Obradović,Olivera alien Hemiptera Aphid Aphididae Europe BioRisk 4: 435-474 Our study aimed at providing a comprehensive list of Aphididae alien to Europe. A total of 98 species originating from other continents have established so far in Europe, to which we add 4 cosmopolitan species of uncertain origin (cryptogenic). The 102 alien species of Aphididae established in Europe belong to 12 different subfamilies, five of them contributing by more than 5 species to the alien fauna. Most alien aphids originate from temperate regions of the world. There was no significant variation in the geographic origin of the alien aphids over time. The average introduction rate was 0.5 species per year since 1800. The mean number of newly recorded species per year decreased since 2000 but this pattern may change in the following years. info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/1313-2652 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1313-2644 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 3.0 Pensoft Publishers 2010 Research Article text/html info:doi:10.3897/biorisk.4.57 https://doi.org/10.3897/biorisk.4.57 https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/1858/ https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/1858/download/pdf/ en

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Scales (Hemiptera, Superfamily Coccoidea). Chapter 9.3 Pellizzari,Giuseppina Germain,Jean-François Europe Alien scale insects BioRisk 4: 475-510 Scale insects are frequent invaders. With 129 established species, they numerically represent one of the major group of insects alien to Europe. Scales are usually small insects with wingless females. Due to this small size and concealment, many species, mainly belonging to the families Diaspididae, Pseudococcidae and Pseudococcidae, have been accidentally introduced to Europe, mostly originating from tropical regions and essentially from Asia. The trade of fruit trees and ornamentals appears to be the usual pathway of introduction. At present, alien scales represent an important component of the European entomofauna, accounting for about 30% of the total scale fauna. info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/1313-2652 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1313-2644 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 3.0 Pensoft Publishers 2010 Research Article text/html info:doi:10.3897/biorisk.4.45 https://doi.org/10.3897/biorisk.4.45 https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/1859/ https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/1859/download/pdf/ en

10.3897/biorisk.4.63 2010-07-06 biorisk

Other Hemiptera Sternorrhyncha (Aleyrodidae, Phylloxeroidea, and Psylloidea) and Hemiptera Auchenorrhyncha. Chapter 9.4 Mifsud,David Cocquempot,Christian Mühlethaler,Roland Wilson,Mike Streito,Jean-Claude alien Europe Adelgidae Aleyrodidae Cicadellidae Psyllidae Phylloxeridae Auchenorrhyncha BioRisk 4: 511-552 Apart from aphids and scales, 52 additional Sternorrhyncha hemipteran species alien to Europe have been identified within Aleyrodidae (27 whitefly species), Phylloxeroidea (9 adelgids, 2 phylloxerans) and Psylloidea (14 species of jumping plant-lice) in addition to 12 Auchenorrhyncha species (mostly Cicadellidae- 8 species). At present, the alien species represent 39% of the total whitefly fauna and 36% of the total adelgid fauna occuring in Europe. The proportion is insignificant in the other groups. The arrival of alien phylloxerans and adelgids appeared to peak during the first part of the 20th century. In contrast, the mean number of new records per year of alien aleyrodids, psylloids and Auchenorrhyncha increased regularly after the 1950s. For these three groups, an average of 0.5–0.6 new alien species has been recorded per year in Europe since 2000. The region of origin of the alien species largely differs between the different groups. Alien aleyrodids and psylloids mainly originated from tropical regions whilst the adelgids and phylloxerans came equally from North America and Asia. A major part of the alien Auchenorrhyncha originated from North American. Most of these alien species are presently observed in man-made habitats, especially in parks and gardens but alien adelgids are mainly observed in forests because of their association with conifer trees used for afforestation. info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/1313-2652 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1313-2644 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 3.0 Pensoft Publishers 2010 Research Article text/html info:doi:10.3897/biorisk.4.63 https://doi.org/10.3897/biorisk.4.63 https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/1860/ https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/1860/download/pdf/ en

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Diptera. Chapter 10 Skuhravá,Marcela Martinez,Michel Roques,Alain alien Europe Diptera BioRisk 4: 553-602 Of the 19,400 native species and 125 families forming the European diptera fauna, 98 species (less than 0.5%) in 22 families are alien to Europe. These aliens constitute 66 species (18 families) of the suborder Brachycera and 32 species (4 families) of the suborder Nematocera. By family in this category, there are 23 Cecidomyiidae species, 18 Drosophilidae, nine Phoridae, eight Tachinidae and seven Culicidae. Another 32 fly species belonging to five families are considered to be alien in Europe. These invasives native to other European countries are composed of 14 species of Cecidomyiidae, seven Syrphidae, five Culicidae and three species each of Anthomyiidae and Tephritidae. The date of the first record in Europe is known for 84 alien species. Arrivals of alien species of Diptera have accelerated rapidly since the second half of the 20th century. North America appears to be the dominant contributor of the alien flies. The majority of alien Diptera were introduced into or within Europe unintentionally, with only three predators released intentionally for biological control. Alien Diptera are predominantly phytophagous (35.6%), while a lesser portion are zoophagous (28.6%) or detrivorous/mycetophagous (29.6%). Ecological impacts on native fauna and flora have not been documented for any of the alien species established in Europe. However, 14 alien species have economic impacts on crops. info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/1313-2652 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1313-2644 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 3.0 Pensoft Publishers 2010 Research Article text/html info:doi:10.3897/biorisk.4.53 https://doi.org/10.3897/biorisk.4.53 https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/1861/ https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/1861/download/pdf/ en

10.3897/biorisk.4.50 2010-07-06 biorisk

Lepidoptera. Chapter 11 Lopez Vaamonde,Carlos Agassiz,David Augustin,Sylvie De Prins,Jurate De Prins,Willy Gomboc,Stanislav Ivinskis,Povilas Karsholt,Ole Koutroumpas,Athanasios Koutroumpa,Fotini Lastuvka,Zdenek Marabuto,Eduardo Olivella,Elisenda Przybylowicz,Lukasz Roques,Alain Ryrholm,Nils Sefrova,Hana Sima,Peter Sims,Ian Sinev,Sergey Skulev,Bjarne Tomov,Rumen Zilli,Alberto Lees,David C. biological invasion introduction pest species Europe Lepidoptera globalisation BioRisk 4: 603-668 We provide a comprehensive overview of those Lepidopteran invasions to Europe that result from increasing globalisation and also review expansion of species within Europe. A total of 97 non-native Lepidoptera species (about 1% of the known fauna), in 20 families and 11 superfamilies have established so far in Europe, of which 30 alone are Pyraloidea. In addition, 88 European species in 25 families have expanded their range within Europe and around 23% of these are of Mediterranean or Balkan origin, invading the north and west. Although a number of these alien species have been in Europe for hundreds of years, 74% have established during the 20th century and arrivals are accelerating, with an average of 1.9 alien Lepidoptera newly established per year between 2000–2007. For 78 aliens with a known area of origin, Asia has contributed 28.9%, Africa (including Macaronesian islands, Canaries, Madeira and Azores) 21.6%, North America 16.5%, Australasia 7.2% and the neotropics just 5.2%. The route for almost all aliens to Europe is via importation of plants or plant products. Most alien Lepidoptera established in Europe are also confined to man-made habitats, with 52.5% occuring in parks and gardens. We highlight four species in particular, Diaphania perspectalis, Cacyreus marshalli, Cameraria ohridella and Paysandisia archon, as the most important current economic threats. info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/1313-2652 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1313-2644 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 3.0 Pensoft Publishers 2010 Research Article text/html info:doi:10.3897/biorisk.4.50 https://doi.org/10.3897/biorisk.4.50 https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/1862/ https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/1862/download/pdf/ en

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Hymenoptera. Chapter 12 Rasplus,Jean-Yves Villemant,Claire Rosa Paiva,Maria Delvare,Gérard Roques,Alain Hymenoptera alien Europe biological invasions BioRisk 4: 669-776 We present the first review of Hymenoptera alien to Europe. Our study revealed that nearly 300 species of Hymenoptera belonging to 30 families have been introduced to Europe. In terms of alien species diversity within invertebrate orders, this result ranks Hymenoptera third following Coleoptera and Hemiptera. Two third of alien Hymenoptera are parasitoids or hyperparasitoids that were mostly introduced for biological control purposes. Only 35 phytophagous species, 47 predator species and 3 species of pollinators have been introduced. Six families of wasps (Aphelinidae, Encyrtidae, Eulophidae, Braconidae, Torymidae, Pteromalidae) represent together with ants (Formicidae) about 80% of the alien Hymenoptera introduced to Europe. The three most diverse families are Aphelinidae (60 species representing 32% of the Aphelinid European fauna), Encyrtidae (55) and Formicidae (42) while the Chalcidoidea together represents 2/3 of the total Hymenoptera species introduced to Europe. The first two families are associated with mealybugs, a group that also included numerous aliens to Europe. In addition, they are numerous cases of Hymenoptera introduced from one part of Europe to another, especially from continental Europe to British Islands. These introductions mostly concerned phytophagous or gall-maker species (76 %), less frequently parasitoids. The number of new records of alien Hymenoptera per year has shown an exponential increase during the last 200 years. The number of alien species introduced by year reached a maximum of 5 species per year between 1975 and 2000. North America provided the greatest part of the hymenopteran species alien to Europe (96 species, 35.3%), followed by Asia (84 species, 30.9%) and Africa (49 species, 18%). Three Mediterranean countries (only continental parts) hosted the largest number of alien Hymenoptera: Italy (144 spp.), France (111 spp.) and Spain (90 spp.) but no correlation was found with the area of countries. Intentional introduction, mostly for biological control, has been the main pathway of introduction for Hymenoptera. Consequently, the most invaded habitats are agricultural and horticultural as well as greenhouses. To the contrary, Hymenoptera alien in Europe are mostly associated with woodland and forest habitats. Ecological and economic impacts of alien Hymenoptera have been poorly studied. Ants have probably displaced native species and this is also true for introduced parasitoids that are suspected to displace native parasitoids by competition, but reliable examples are still scarce. The cost of these impacts has never been estimated. info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/1313-2652 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1313-2644 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 3.0 Pensoft Publishers 2010 Research Article text/html info:doi:10.3897/biorisk.4.55 https://doi.org/10.3897/biorisk.4.55 https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/1863/ https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/1863/download/pdf/ en

10.3897/biorisk.4.59 2010-07-06 biorisk

Thrips (Thysanoptera). Chapter 13.1 Reynaud,Philippe Thysanoptera thrips alien Europe BioRisk 4: 767-791 Thrips (Order Thysanoptera) are found worldwide and include almost 6000 species. Several of them are notorious for causing extensive crop damage (by feeding on leaf tissue or by vectoring viral disease). Their small size (usually less than 2 millimeters) and cryptic habits have facilited invasions and establishment in Europe in the wild or in greenhouses. Fifty-two alien species, belonging to four families have been recorded within Europe. Species introduced before 1950 mostly originate from America, tropical and subtropical areas and subsequent arrivals generally originate from Asia (and from America to some extent). Five countries host more than 30% of the European alien thrips fauna and two alien thrips occur in more than 50% of the countries and islands of Europe. info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/1313-2652 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1313-2644 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 3.0 Pensoft Publishers 2010 Research Article text/html info:doi:10.3897/biorisk.4.59 https://doi.org/10.3897/biorisk.4.59 https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/1864/ https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/1864/download/pdf/ en

10.3897/biorisk.4.46 2010-07-06 biorisk

Psocids (Psocoptera). Chapter 13.2 Schneider,Nico Psocoptera psocids domestic stored products alien Europe BioRisk 4: 793-805 Among the 231 species of Psocoptera present in Europe, 49 (21.2%) are considered to be of alien origin. They include 29 exotic introduced species and 20 cryptogenic species. Most of the exotic species originated from tropical and subtropical areas, essentially from Africa. Many of them are food pests, moving along with stored products. Thirty-nine of these species occur in buildings in Europe. info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/1313-2652 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1313-2644 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 3.0 Pensoft Publishers 2010 Research Article text/html info:doi:10.3897/biorisk.4.46 https://doi.org/10.3897/biorisk.4.46 https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/1865/ https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/1865/download/pdf/ en

10.3897/biorisk.4.68 2010-07-06 biorisk

Dictyoptera (Blattodea, Isoptera), Orthoptera, Phasmatodea and Dermaptera. Chapter 13.3 Rasplus,Jean-Yves Roques,Alain Alien Orthoptera grasshoppers Blattodea coackroaches Isoptera termites Phasmatodea walking sticks Dermaptera earwigs BioRisk 4: 807-831 For convenience, we treat all “polyneopteran” orders together. Five orders of hemimetabolous “Polyneoptera” include species alien to Europe, namely Blattodea, Isoptera, Orthoptera, Phasmatodea and Dermaptera. A total of 37 species alien to Europe have been recorded. These belong to 14 different families. Most of these species show a detritivorous feeding regime (22 spp.), whereas 12 species are phytophagous and two are predators. The majority of species were first observed between 1900 and 1975. Unlike other arthropod groups, the mean number of polyneopteran species newly recorded per year showed no acceleration since 1975. The alien “Polyneoptera” mostly originated from Central/South America and Asia (10 species each, 27.0%), followed by Africa (7, 18.9%). Germany hosts the largest number of alien Polyneoptera (15 spp.), followed by Denmark (14), Spain (11) and France (10). All but one alien species represent unintentional introductions. More than 75% of the species are associated with artificial habitats (houses, buildings and greenhouses) and cultivated areas. Blattodea and Isoptera have huge economic and/or medical importance. The cost of treatments and sanitary measures against termites and cockroaches, in particular, is significant in Europe. info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/1313-2652 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1313-2644 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 3.0 Pensoft Publishers 2010 Research Article text/html info:doi:10.3897/biorisk.4.68 https://doi.org/10.3897/biorisk.4.68 https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/1866/ https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/1866/download/pdf/ en

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Lice and Fleas (Phthiraptera and Siphonaptera). Chapter 13.4 Kenis,Marc Roques,Alain Phthiraptera lice flea Siphonaptera alien Europe BioRisk 4: 833-849 A total of 31 Phthiraptera species alien to Europe are listed. They include 24 chewing lice and seven sucking lice of 12 different families. The families Goniodidae (Ischnocera) and Menoponidae (Amblycera) largely dominate the alien entomofauna of chewing lice. Asia is the major supplier of alien Phthiraptera which are mostly associated with poultry farming, game birds, guinea pigs and invasive alien mammals. The recent period did not show any acceleration in alien arrival in Europe. Alien fleas include six species in the families Pulicidae and Ceratophyllidae. Three of them are primarily associated with rats and are capable of transmiting major human diseases such as the bubonic plague and the murine typhus. info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/1313-2652 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1313-2644 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 3.0 Pensoft Publishers 2010 Research Article text/html info:doi:10.3897/biorisk.4.65 https://doi.org/10.3897/biorisk.4.65 https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/1867/ https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/1867/download/pdf/ en

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Springtails and Silverfishes (Apterygota). Chapter 13.5 Zettel,Jürg Apterygota Collembola springtails Zygentoma silverfishes BioRisk 4: 851-854 The alien fauna of Apterygota is still limited in Europe. Springtails (Collembolla) alien to Europe include only three species to which add a cryptogenic one. Two nowadays cosmopolitan species of silverfishes may originate from Central America. The reasons of this limited colonisation of Europe are briefly discussed. info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/1313-2652 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1313-2644 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 3.0 Pensoft Publishers 2010 Research Article text/html info:doi:10.3897/biorisk.4.47 https://doi.org/10.3897/biorisk.4.47 https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/1868/ https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/1868/download/pdf/ en

10.3897/biorisk.4.69 2010-07-06 biorisk

Introductory notes to factsheets. Chapter 14 Roques,Alain BioRisk 4: 855-1021 Among the 1590 terrestrial arthropod species alien to Europe identified in this book, 78 were selected to produce specific factsheets in order to provide more information on their biology, distribution and impact. We included two more species which are alien in Europe, the horse-chestnut leaf miner (Cameraria ohridella) and the African cotton leafworm (Spodoptera littoralis) because of their importance. These 80 species are perhaps not the most important alien invaders, but they are rather representatives of the main taxonomic groups of alien terrestrial arthropods. They were selected so as to represent different pathways of introduction and diverse impacts on ecosystems, economic activities and human and animal health. These species include two myriapods, one spider, one mite, 18 coleopterans, seven dipterans, 23 hemipterans, 10 hymenopterans, one termite, 14 lepidopterans, and three thrips. Each factsheet includes information on the following aspects: Description and biological cycle: A brief description of adults and immature stages is given, whenever possible illustrated by a photograph, to help the reader identify the species. Further information details the general characteristics of the biological cycle in the invaded area, especially the species' potential to reproduce and the hosts it has colonized. Native habitat: The factsheet includes the habitat type where the species is found in its native range. In order to make habitat types comparable among taxa, we adopted the classification of the European Nature Information System (EUNIS) database (http://eunis.eea.europa.eu). The habitat type codes are detailed in Appendix II. When information was available, we included specific habitat requirements which may help understand the potential of the species to establish and spread in Europe. Habitat occupied in invaded range: The different habitats colonized by the alien species are described as for native habitats. Native range: The native distribution of the species is described. For some species, there is very precise information available, but for others, only brief details of a region or even continent can be given. Introduced range: The date of the first record in Europe and the location of this record is given, as well as details of the process of dispersion in the continent when available. A distribution map is supplied for all species. For most of them, presence/ absence data have been obtained only at country level, but for a few species, more detailed maps are given to show the distribution at regional scale. However, the missing occurrence of species from some countries does not always mean that these countries are not colonized, but may rather result from a lack of data for the country concerned. The map also indicates eradication records where relevant. Pathways: We included information on the routes of introduction to Europe, and the potential of the species to disperse within the continent once it has established. Impact and management: This section details the importance of the species' impacts in the colonized habitats. Both ecological and economical impacts are detailed when known. Practical advice where known is given regarding mechanical, chemical and biological control methods. Selected references: Three of the most relevant references to the history of the species' introduction and spread in Europe are given. info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/1313-2652 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1313-2644 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 3.0 Pensoft Publishers 2010 Research Article text/html info:doi:10.3897/biorisk.4.69 https://doi.org/10.3897/biorisk.4.69 https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/1869/ https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/1869/download/pdf/ en

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Abbreviations and glossary of technical terms used in the book Roques,Alain Lees,David C. BioRisk 4: 1023-1028   info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/1313-2652 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1313-2644 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 3.0 Pensoft Publishers 2010 Research Article text/html info:doi:10.3897/biorisk.4.71 https://doi.org/10.3897/biorisk.4.71 https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/1870/ https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/1870/download/pdf/ en

10.3897/biorisk.5.854 2010-12-30 biorisk

Monitoring climate change with Dragonflies: Foreword McNeely,Jeffrey Climate Change Odonata BioRisk 5: 1-2 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/1313-2652 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1313-2644 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 3.0 Pensoft Publishers 2010 Editorial text/html info:doi:10.3897/biorisk.5.854 https://doi.org/10.3897/biorisk.5.854 https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/1871/ https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/1871/download/pdf/ en

10.3897/biorisk.5.856 2010-12-30 biorisk

Climate change impacts on biodiversity: a short introduction with special emphasis on the ALARM approach for the assessment of multiple risks Settele,Josef Fanslow,Greg Fronzek,Stefan Klotz,Stefan Kühn,Ingolf Musche,Martin Ott,Jürgen Samways,Michael Schweiger,Oliver Spangenberg,Joachim Walther,Gian-Reto Hammen,Volker Climate Change Odonata BioRisk 5: 3-29 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/1313-2652 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1313-2644 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 3.0 Pensoft Publishers 2010 Editorial text/html info:doi:10.3897/biorisk.5.856 https://doi.org/10.3897/biorisk.5.856 https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/1872/ https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/1872/download/pdf/ en

10.3897/biorisk.5.841 2010-12-30 biorisk

Trends in occurrence of thermophilous dragonfly species in North Rhine-Westphalia (NRW) Conze,Klaus-Jürgen Grönhagen,Nina Lohr,Mathias Menke,Norbert dragonflies climatic changes North Rhine-Westfalia monitoring BioRisk 5: 31-45 Since 1996 the “Workgroup Odonata in North Rhine-Westphalia” (“AK Libellen NRW”) has built up a data base including about 150.000 data sets concerning the occurrence of dragonflies in North Rhine-Westphalia (NRW). This data confirms an increase and spread of some thermophilous dragonfly species in NRW, and the effects of climate change evidenced by an increasing average temperature, are considered to be important reasons for this process. info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/1313-2652 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1313-2644 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 3.0 Pensoft Publishers 2010 Research Article text/html info:doi:10.3897/biorisk.5.841 https://doi.org/10.3897/biorisk.5.841 https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/1873/ https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/1873/download/pdf/ en

10.3897/biorisk.5.842 2010-12-30 biorisk

Do climate changes influence dispersal and population dynamics of dragonflies in the western Peruvian Andes? Hoffmann,Joachim climate changes dragonflies effects biodiversity biogeography Peru Andes BioRisk 5: 47-72 For nine dragonfly species (five aeshnids and four libellulids) all previous and verifiable data are related to the vertical climate zones and nature regions of the western Peruvian Andes and the Peruvian Pacific coast. Climate changes due to the El Niño and La Niña phenomena, as well as the global climate change have an influence on the different natural regions and also restrict aquatic biotopes. These changes influence the dispersal and behavior of some dragonflies and concern also loss of habitats as well as alterations of biotic and abiotic factors at and in water. However new waters and habitats also are formed in most nature regions. Specialists like Rhionaeschna peralta, a species of high mountain regions and the Puna, are not able to react to habitat losses by adaptation, while other species such as R. maita and R. marchali do colonize new habitats also in higher altitudes. While the here represented aeshnids change their distribution ranges within the vertical nature regions of the west Andes, this is suspected for three of the four libellulids (Orthemis ferruginea, O. discolor and Pantala flavescens) as latitudinally respectively longitudinally immigrations and expansions of their areals. For all species discussed, a seasonally earlier flight beginning is detectable, but for no species an extension of their flight time. Altogether, the above named three libellulid do react more flexibly and faster to the alterations by climate changes than the majority of the five aeshnid species. The influence of increased UV-B and UV-A radiation possibly affects also the site occurrence of some species in high altitudes of the Andes. info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/1313-2652 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1313-2644 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 3.0 Pensoft Publishers 2010 Research Article text/html info:doi:10.3897/biorisk.5.842 https://doi.org/10.3897/biorisk.5.842 https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/1874/ https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/1874/download/pdf/ en

10.3897/biorisk.5.843 2010-12-30 biorisk

Impacts of extreme weather and climate change on South African dragonflies Samways,Michael Climate change extreme weather dragonflies South Africa BioRisk 5: 73-84 The absence of ice sheets for many millions of years, yet variable topography and changing climate, has generated considerable biodiversity in South Africa. There is no evidence to date that anthropogenic climate change has affected odonate populations in the region. One reason is that the highly varying weather and climate constitutes considerable background noise against which any effects of modern climate change must be measured. Evidence is accumulating that the Holocene interglacial and gradual warming has left some species with isolated populations in montane areas among a matrix of arid land. Many South African odonate species are remarkably vagile and elevationally tolerant, readily immigrating into and emigrating from pools during wet and dry phases respectively. Some species take this movement to greater extremes by moving the southern margins of their geographical range back and forth with varying climate. After floods, populations of riverine odonates can recover within a year, although where the riparian corridor has been stripped of its trees, the recovery is very slow. Various synergistic impacts, particularly from invasive alien woody plants, area severe impact on many riverine species, and reducing their ability to respond positively to changing environmental conditions. Large-scale removal of these woody aliens is greatly benefiting the odonates’ ability to survive in the short-term and to restore natural corridors for movement in the face of possible future climatic changes. info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/1313-2652 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1313-2644 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 3.0 Pensoft Publishers 2010 Research Article text/html info:doi:10.3897/biorisk.5.843 https://doi.org/10.3897/biorisk.5.843 https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/1876/ https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/1876/download/pdf/ en

10.3897/biorisk.5.844 2010-12-30 biorisk

Climate and elevational range of a South African dragonfly assemblage Samways,Michael Niba,Augustine Climate elevation dragonflies adaptations South Africa BioRisk 5: 85-107 Elevation and climate are interrelated variables which have a profound affect on biota. Flying insects such as dragonflies can rapidly disperse and optimal habitat conditions at appropriate elevations. Such behaviour is likely to be especially important in geographical areas which are subject to major climatic events such as El Niño. Accordingly, we studied dragonflies and environmental variables in a series of reservoirs over an elevational range of 100–1350 m a.s.l. at the same latitude on the eastern seaboard of South Africa. The aim was to determine how elevation and climate (as regional processes), as well as local factors, influence species assemblage variability, habitat preference and phenology. Certain environmental variables strongly explained the main variation in species assemblage. These included local factors such as pH, marginal grasses, percentage shade, exposed rock, marginal forest and to a lesser extent, marshes and flow. Different species showed various tolerance levels to these variables. Elevation and climate as regional processes had very little influence on dragonfly assemblages in comparison with these environmental factors. These odonate species are essentially sub-tropical, and are similar to their tropical counterparts in that they have long flight periods with overlapping generations. Yet they also have temperate characteristics such as over-wintering mostly as larvae. These results indicate evolutionary adaptations from both temperate and tropical regions. Furthermore, most were also widespread and opportunistic habitat generalists. The national endemics Pseudagrion citricola and Africallagma sapphirinum only occurred at high elevations. However, the endemic Agriocnemis falcifera was throughout all elevations, suggesting regional endemism does not necessarily equate to elevational intolerance. Overall, the results suggest that many millennia of great climatic variation have led to a highly vagile and elevation-tolerant dragonfly assemblage which readily occupies new water bodies. Such an assemblage is likely to be highly tolerant of global climate change, so long as there is sufficient water to keep the reservoirs at a constant level. info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/1313-2652 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1313-2644 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 3.0 Pensoft Publishers 2010 Research Article text/html info:doi:10.3897/biorisk.5.844 https://doi.org/10.3897/biorisk.5.844 https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/1877/ https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/1877/download/pdf/ en

10.3897/biorisk.5.845 2010-12-30 biorisk

Southern dragonflies expanding in Wallonia (south Belgium): a consequence of global warming? Goffart,Philippe Odonata range shift climate change aquatic habitat change eutrophication Belgium BioRisk 5: 109-126 The occurrence of seven southern Odonata species has been watched in Wallonia over the last two decades (from 1981 to 2000). They have clearly expanded in the meantime and this pattern is still highly significant when the data are corrected for the increase of sampling efforts. Moreover, reproduction evidences have been collected recently (from 1993 onwards) for all these species and several settled and have now resident populations in Wallonia. In a second step, all present regular and irregular resident species of Wallonia were looked for change in range size and observation rate per visit between two six years periods of a survey and monitoring scheme, from 1989 to 2000. Analysis was achieved on grid cells visited at the right time at both periods, a procedure designed to neutralize the spatio-temporal heterogeneity of sampling. The comparison of results in relation to the distribution types of species and their habitat preferences show a significant global trend toward an increase for southern species during the investigated time interval, contrasting with other groups of species. If there is a tendency to rise for species preferring eutrophic still waters, this proves to be clearly due to the southern species sub-group, the other dragonflies of this habitat type showing a stable or even decreasing trend. Three distinct hypotheses are examined and discussed as possible explanations of the expansion pattern of southern species: (1) global warming, (2) change in aquatic habitats, especially eutrophication, and (3) intrinsic population dynamics. The rise of temperatures appears to be the main factor explaining the observed expansions. info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/1313-2652 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1313-2644 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 3.0 Pensoft Publishers 2010 Research Article text/html info:doi:10.3897/biorisk.5.845 https://doi.org/10.3897/biorisk.5.845 https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/1878/ https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/1878/download/pdf/ en

10.3897/biorisk.5.846 2010-12-30 biorisk

Monitoring of Odonata in Britain and possible insights into climate change Parr,Adrian Climate Change Odonata dragonflies monitoring distribution range expansion 'Mediterranean species' migration phenology emergence dates BioRisk 5: 127-139 The history of recording and monitoring of Odonata in Britain is briefly described. Results are then presented which suggest that the country’s Odonata fauna is currently in a period of flux, in a manner consistent with the actions of a high-level regulatory factor such as climate change. The ranges of many resident species are shifting. Leucorrhinia dubia has recently been lost from southern England, but many species are presently expanding their ranges to the north and west, some (such as Aeshna mixta and Anax imperator) with considerable speed. In addition to these changes, a number of ‘southern’ species have started to appear in Britain for the very first time. These include Lestes barbarus, Erythromma viridulum (which has now become a locally-common resident in southeast England), Anax parthenope and Crocothemis erythraea. In addition to these distributional changes, some recent trends in flight times are also discussed. Evidence indicates that many species are now emerging significantly earlier than in the past, though trends relating to the end of the flight period are less clear cut. info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/1313-2652 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1313-2644 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 3.0 Pensoft Publishers 2010 Research Article text/html info:doi:10.3897/biorisk.5.846 https://doi.org/10.3897/biorisk.5.846 https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/1879/ https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/1879/download/pdf/ en

10.3897/biorisk.5.855 2010-12-30 biorisk

When south goes north: Mediterranean dragonflies (Odonata) conquer Flanders (North-Belgium) De Knijf,Geert Anselin,Anny Odonata dragonflies range extension Belgium climate change relative abundance BioRisk 5: 141-153 Since 1980, eight southern dragonfly species have been regularly recorded in Flanders. They show a significant increase in relative abundance, relative area as well as indications of reproduction since the beginning of the nineties, with peak occurrence mainly in the 1995–1999 period. Since 2000, numbers are lower but more species were simultaneously present. Three species, Lestes barbarus, Crocothemis erythraea and Sympetrum fonscolombii, show a combination of earlier arrival, earlier reproduction with a higher frequency and higher maximum ranges and can be considered asstable populations in Flanders. All other southern species show in general a later arrival, only one confirmed or probable reproduction and have much lower maximum ranges. Two other species, reaching their northern limit of distribution in Flanders, Erythromma viridulum and E. lindenii have clearly expanded their relative area since the eighties. Their relative abundance also increased although this shows more fluctuations. info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/1313-2652 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1313-2644 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 3.0 Pensoft Publishers 2010 Research Article text/html info:doi:10.3897/biorisk.5.855 https://doi.org/10.3897/biorisk.5.855 https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/1880/ https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/1880/download/pdf/ en

10.3897/biorisk.5.847 2010-12-30 biorisk

Changes in the range of dragonflies in the Netherlands and the possible role of temperature change Termaat,Tim Kalkman,Vincent Bouwman,Jaap dragonflies Odonata climate change invasion trends conservation Netherlands BioRisk 5: 155-173 The trends of 60 Dutch dragonfly species were calculated for three different periods (1980–1993, 1994–1998 and 1999–2003). Comparing period 1 and period 3 shows that 39 of these species have increased, 16 have remained stable and 5 have decreased. These results show a revival of the Dutch dragonfly fauna, after decades of ongoing decline. The species were categorized in different species groups: species with a southern distribution range, species with a northern distribution range, species of running waters, species of fenlands and species of mesotrophic lakes and bogs. The trends of these different species groups were compared with the all-species control group. As expected, a significantly higher proportion of the southern species show a positive trend than the all-species group. In the northern species group on the contrary, a significantly higher proportion of the species show a negative trend than the all-species group. Different explanations for these results are discussed, such as climate change, improved quality of certain habitats and degradation of other habitats. It is likely that the observed increase of southern species is at least partly caused by the increasing temperatures. The less positive picture of the northern species group is probably more influenced by other environmental factor than directly by climate change. Three out of six southern species which have become established since 1990 have done so during the aftermath of large invasions. It is concluded that dragonflies are well capable of using changing climate circumstances to colonise new habitats. info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/1313-2652 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1313-2644 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 3.0 Pensoft Publishers 2010 Research Article text/html info:doi:10.3897/biorisk.5.847 https://doi.org/10.3897/biorisk.5.847 https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/1881/ https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/1881/download/pdf/ en

10.3897/biorisk.5.848 2010-12-30 biorisk

Monitoring the effects of conservation actions in agricultural and urbanized landscapes – also useful for assessing climate change? Wildermuth,Hansruedi measuring conservation effects species conservation monitoring dragonflies Odonata BioRisk 5: 175-192 Various methods for measuring the success of conservation actions and for evaluating aquatic habitats are outlined, based on quantified dragonfly monitoring. They are discussed with respect to their practicability and information value, counts of adult males and especially of exuviae yielding the most valuable results. These are presented by actual examples of mire ponds, streams, ditches and rivers from central Europe, making allowance for the dynamics of the habitats and their dragonfly community. Records of detailed data, if repeated subsequently at the same localities with the same methods, are considered a useful basis for preparation of distribution maps and for comparison of the fauna over the time. Fauna shifts in horizontal and vertical distribution over the time should be judged critically with respect to climate change as they could also be caused by anthropogenic habitat changes. info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/1313-2652 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1313-2644 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 3.0 Pensoft Publishers 2010 Research Article text/html info:doi:10.3897/biorisk.5.848 https://doi.org/10.3897/biorisk.5.848 https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/1882/ https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/1882/download/pdf/ en

10.3897/biorisk.5.849 2010-12-30 biorisk

Anthropogenic climate change impacts on ponds: a thermal mass perspective Matthews,John climatic changes lentic systems ponds dragonflies BioRisk 5: 193-209 Small freshwater aquatic lentic systems (lakes and ponds) are sensitive to anthropogenic climate change through shifts in ambient air temperatures and patterns of precipitation. Shifts in air temperatures will influence lentic water temperatures through convection and by changing evaporation rates. Shifts in the timing, amount, and intensity of precipitation will alter the thermal mass of lentic systems even in the absence of detectable ambient air temperature changes. These effects are likely to be strongest in ponds (standing water bodies primarily mixed by temperature changes than by wind), for whom precipitation makes up a large component of inflows. Although historical water temperature datasets are patchy for lentic systems, thermal mass effects are likely to outweigh impacts from ambient air temperatures in most locations and may show considerable independence from those trends. Thermal mass-induced changes in water temperature will thereby alter a variety of population- and community-level processes in aquatic macroinvertebrates. info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/1313-2652 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1313-2644 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 3.0 Pensoft Publishers 2010 Research Article text/html info:doi:10.3897/biorisk.5.849 https://doi.org/10.3897/biorisk.5.849 https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/1883/ https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/1883/download/pdf/ en

10.3897/biorisk.5.851 2010-12-30 biorisk

Expansion of Crocothemis erythraea in Ukraine Khrokalo,Lyudmyla dragonflies range expansion Crocothemis erythraea Ukraine monitoring BioRisk 5: 211-223 A noticeable expansion of some Mediterranean species takes place in Europe during last several decades and this data are related to climatic effects clearly. The present work is a review of literature and original data on distribution of C. erythraea in Ukraine. In the beginning and middle of XX century in Ukraine the Scarlet Dragonfly was observed in southern area at Dnieper valley, in outmost southwest at Danube delta at the west of Ukraine in Transcarpathian and Forecarpathian. Next, this species was registered at the foothills of Carpathian Mountains. During last three decades C. erythraea was also recorded at the north and east (central regions, eastern, northern and northeastern areas). Since 2000 new points have been registered in Odessa, Kherson,Vinnytsya, Cherkasy, Chernihiv, Kyiv administrative regions and in Crimea. info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/1313-2652 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1313-2644 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 3.0 Pensoft Publishers 2010 Research Article text/html info:doi:10.3897/biorisk.5.851 https://doi.org/10.3897/biorisk.5.851 https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/1884/ https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/1884/download/pdf/ en

10.3897/biorisk.5.852 2010-12-30 biorisk

Dragonfly and Damselfly (Insecta, Odonata) Distributions in Ontario, Canada: Investigating the Influence of Climate Change Beatty,Christopher Fraser,Stewart Pérez-Jvostov,Felipe Sherratt,Thomas temperature Odonata climate change range extension Ontario BioRisk 5: 225-241 We analysed temperature data and odonate distribution data collected in the province of Ontario, Canada, over approximately sixty years. Analysis of temperature data from 31 weather stations collected in the years 1945–2000 showed an overall significant increase in the minimum, maximum and mean monthly temperatures; these trends were not adjusted for changes in urbanisation. Comparison of county level presence/absence data for odonates from the 1950´s and 2002 found a slight decrease in the northernmost distributions of some species, although no significant patterns were evident. Lower sampling coverage in the larger, more northerly counties in Ontario, as well as the assessment of distributions based on county records may limit the sensitivity of our approach in detecting changes in odonate species distributions over time. Future work should focus on increasing the coverage, uniformity and geographic detail of available datasets, as well as evaluating range change through testing predictions based on the ecology and biogeography of odonate species. info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/1313-2652 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1313-2644 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 3.0 Pensoft Publishers 2010 Research Article text/html info:doi:10.3897/biorisk.5.852 https://doi.org/10.3897/biorisk.5.852 https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/1885/ https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/1885/download/pdf/ en

10.3897/biorisk.5.853 2010-12-30 biorisk

The local species richness of Dragonflies in mountain waterbodies: an indicator of climate warming? Oertli,Beat biodiversity Odonata alpha richness boreo-alpine species alpine ponds colonisation extinction BioRisk 5: 243-251 With climate warming, many Odonata species are extending their geographical area. In Switzerland, as in many parts of the world, this phenomenon may lead to a regional increase in species richness. The local richness (the richness of individual waterbodies) is also expected to increase, particularly in the alpine or subalpine areas where the waterbodies are particularly species–poor. Based on the species richness recorded in 109 waterbodies scattered all across Switzerland, a model is presented here relating the local species richness (adult dragonflies) to environmental variables, including the mean annual air temperature. This model predicts a sharp increase in species richness for alpine or subalpine waterbodies, which is expected to double or even treble before the end of this century. This increase would mainly be the consequence of the immigration of eurythermal species extending their geographical range, together with potential local extinctions of the cold stenothermal species. info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/1313-2652 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1313-2644 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 3.0 Pensoft Publishers 2010 Research Article text/html info:doi:10.3897/biorisk.5.853 https://doi.org/10.3897/biorisk.5.853 https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/1886/ https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/1886/download/pdf/ en

10.3897/biorisk.5.857 2010-12-30 biorisk

Dragonflies and climatic change - recent trends in Germany and Europe Ott,Jürgen dragonflies climatic changes indicators risks ecological effects nature conservation monitoring BioRisk 5: 253-286 In this paper the trends of dragonfly expansions during the last decades in Germany and Europe are summarized. It is shown, that there is a general expansion of many species to the north: Mediterranean species expanded to Central and Northern Europe, whereas some African species expanded to Southern Europe, some are even new to the continent. In general this means an increase of biodiversity, but looking at the ecological effects, in the medium term a decrease can be expected for mooreland and alpine species. Dragonflies can be regarded as a good indicator group for climatic change. Already now in some areas or regions negative effects on waters bodies and their dragonfly communities can be observed and more will occur if e.g. temperature rises or precipitation decreases. The consequences for nature conservation strategies – such as the NATURA 2000 network – are outlined and the general need for monitoring programmes is emphasised. info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/1313-2652 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1313-2644 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 3.0 Pensoft Publishers 2010 Research Article text/html info:doi:10.3897/biorisk.5.857 https://doi.org/10.3897/biorisk.5.857 https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/1887/ https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/1887/download/pdf/ en

10.3897/biorisk.6.1325 2011-12-19 biorisk

Assessing continental-scale risks for generalist and specialist pollinating bee species under climate change Roberts,Stuart Potts,Simon Biesmeijer,Koos Kuhlmann,Michael Kunin,William Ohlemüller,Ralf Colletes bee climate change Europe risk assessment pollinator BioRisk 6: 1-18 Increased risks of extinction to populations of animals and plants under changing climate have now been demonstrated for many taxa. This study assesses the extinction risks to species within an important genus of pollinating bees (Colletes: Apidae) by estimating the expected changes in the area and isolation of suitable habitat under predicted climatic condition for 2050. Suitable habitat was defined on the basis of the presence of known forage plants as well as climatic suitability. To investigate whether ecological specialisation was linked to extinction risk we compared three species which were generalist pollen foragers on several plant families with three species which specialised on pollen from a single plant species. Both specialist and generalist species showed an increased risk of extinction with shifting climate, and this was particularly high for the most specialised species (Colletes anchusae and C. wolfi). The forage generalist C. impunctatus, which is associated with Boreo-Alpine environments, is potentially threatened through significant reduction in available climatic niche space. Including the distribution of the principal or sole pollen forage plant, when modelling the distribution of monolectic or narrowly oligolectic species, did not improve the predictive accuracy of our models as the plant species were considerably more widespread than the specialised bees associated with them. info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/1313-2652 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1313-2644 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 3.0 Pensoft Publishers 2011 Research Article text/html info:doi:10.3897/biorisk.6.1325 https://doi.org/10.3897/biorisk.6.1325 https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/1890/ https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/1890/download/pdf/ en

10.3897/biorisk.6.1334 2011-12-19 biorisk

Assessing the potential risks of transgenic plants for non-target invertebrates in Europe: a review of classification approaches of the receiving environment Jänsch,Stephan Römbke,Jörg Hilbeck,Angelika Weiß,Gabriele Teichmann,Hanka Tappeser,Beatrix Ecoregion Environmental Risk Assessment European Union Genetically Modified Plants Non-target Organisms BioRisk 6: 19-40 According to the current legal background for the regulation of genetically modified plants (GMPs) in Europe, an environmental risk assessment (ERA) has to be performed considering i) the crop plant, ii) the novel trait relating to its intended effect and phenotypic characteristics of the GM crop plant and iii) the receiving environment related to the intended use of the GMP. However, the current GMP-ERA does not differentiate between different intended receiving environments. Therefore, the question is to be raised: How can the ’receiving environment’ be classified on the European scale, both in an ecologically relevant and feasible way? As a first step this proposal focuses on invertebrates in the terrestrial environmental compartment. In order to check if already existing regionalization concepts are suitable for the above raised question the following selection criteria were employed: Distribution of non-target organisms (NTOs): A suitable regionalization concept should appropriately reflect the specific characteristics of the animal and plant communities of the different receiving environments of a GMP. Therefore, such a classification should be done by an ecoregion approach, meaning that different ecoregions support different organism communities that may play a different role in supporting relevant ecosystem services. However, information on the distribution of invertebrates in Europe is not available in sufficient detail for this purpose. Hence, it is proposed to use the information about site conditions like climatic, vegetation and soil parameters, which determine the composition of invertebrate communities, for the selection of an appropriate classification concept. Size and number of geographical units: This is a trade-off between the total number of ‘receiving environments’ in Europe manageable in a regulatory context and the ecological uniformity of a single geographical unit. An intermediate size and number of geographical units should be the aim of the classification.With the ‘Indicative map of European biogeographical regions’ (IMEBR) there is an existing regionalization concept that meets many of the requirements identified above: the classification is based on parameters that also determine the distribution of invertebrate communities (i.e., the potential natural vegetation) and nine biogeographical regions represented within the 27 member states of the European (EU-27) are a manageable number for regulatory purposes. However, epigeic (living above ground) and endogeic (living below ground) faunal communities are determined by different biotic and abiotic parameters. For example, climate data is much more relevant for epigeic species than for endogeic organisms. The most important soil properties related to the distribution of endogeic organisms and plants are pH, texture, organic matter content and/or content of organic carbon, C/N ratio, and water-holding capacity. Hence, for endogeic non-target organisms there is currently no suitable regionalization concept available. For the time being, it is recommended to identify important species for testing purposes in each ecoregion with GMP cultivation by means of expert knowledge using the IMEBR for both epigeic and endogeic communities.The regionalization concept is intended to be used in the context of the ERA of GMPs for the assessment of risk for NTOs. Hence, it should be tailored for the area in the EU where GMPs are likely to be grown. The overlap between the biogeographical regions and the intended area of cultivation for a novel GMP form the different cases, each of which should undergo a specific ERA process.For example, there would be eight or nine separate potato cases for the EU-27 area, i.e. the Alpine, Atlantic, Boreal, Continental, Macaronesian, Mediterranean, Pannonian, Steppic and possibly the Black Sea biogeographical regions. For grain maize there would be five to nine separate cases, i.e. the Atlantic, Continental, Mediterranean, Pannonian, Steppic and possibly the Alpine, Black Sea, Boreal and Macaronesian biogeographical regions. info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/1313-2652 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1313-2644 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 3.0 Pensoft Publishers 2011 Review Article text/html info:doi:10.3897/biorisk.6.1334 https://doi.org/10.3897/biorisk.6.1334 https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/1889/ https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/1889/download/pdf/ en

10.3897/biorisk.6.1568 2011-12-19 biorisk

A strategy for conservation and investigation of the protected resurrection plant Haberlea rhodopensis Friv. Daskalova,Evelina Dontcheva,Slaveya Yahoubian,Galina Minkov,Ivan Toneva,Valentina Haberlea rhodopensis Friv. risk assesment scoring system in vitro gene bank BioRisk 6: 41-60 Representatives of the resurrection plants from Gesneriaceae family are included in the Red Book of Bulgaria, in the European Register of rare, endangered, and endemic plants, and are subjects of world’s conventions on the preservation of the biodiversity. The unique feature of these plants to recover from prolonged dehydration (anabiosis) is explored in numerous studies. These species are also Tertiary relics, so they could give us important knowledge about plant evolution.Our research group at the University of Plovdiv has established a national in vitro gene bank for Haberlea rhodopensis Friv. (25 localities) and Ramonda serbica Panc. (2 localities) from Bulgaria. The national gene bank is based on original and modified in vitro technologies and can serve as a conservation and biodiversity investigation center for the family Gesneriaceae.Basing on our work with Haberlea rhodopensis Friv., we are developing a strategy for conservation and investigation of rare and relic plant species (mapping and exploration of habitats – assessing the local risk of extinction - introducing in an in vitro gene bank - model plants for research – adaptation and possible re-introduction in endangered habitats). This strategy can be adapted and used for conservation and investigation of other rare, protected, relic and endemic plants from other regions of Europe and worldwide. info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/1313-2652 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1313-2644 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 3.0 Pensoft Publishers 2011 Research Article text/html info:doi:10.3897/biorisk.6.1568 https://doi.org/10.3897/biorisk.6.1568 https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/1888/ https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/1888/download/pdf/ en

10.3897/biorisk.7.4077 2012-10-17 biorisk

Shedding light on the biodiversity and ecosystem impacts of modern land use. Dauber,Jens Settele,Josef none BioRisk 7: 1-4 none info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/1313-2652 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1313-2644 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 3.0 Pensoft Publishers 2012 Editorial text/html info:doi:10.3897/biorisk.7.4077 https://doi.org/10.3897/biorisk.7.4077 https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/1895/ https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/1895/download/pdf/ en

10.3897/biorisk.7.3036 2012-10-17 biorisk

Bioenergy from “surplus” land: environmental and socio-economic implications Dauber,Jens Brown,Chris Fernando,Ana Luisa Finnan,John Krasuska,Ewa Ponitka,Jens Styles,David Thrän,Daniela Van Groenigen,Kees Jan Weih,Martin Zah,Rainer Marginal land degraded land energy crops biomass HNV biodiversity ecosystem services land-use change land-use competition sustainability bioenergy BioRisk 7: 5-50 The increasing demand for biomass for the production of bioenergy is generating land-use conflicts. These conflicts might be solved through spatial segregation of food/feed and energy producing areas by continuing producing food on established and productive agricultural land while growing dedicated energy crops on so called “surplus” land. Ambiguity in the definition and characterization of surplus land as well as uncertainty in assessments of land availability and of future bioenergy potentials is causing confusion about the prospects and the environmental and socio-economic implications of bioenergy development in those areas. The high level of uncertainty is due to environmental, economic and social constraints not yet taken into account and to the potentials offered by those novel crops and their production methods not being fully exploited. This paper provides a scientific background in support of a reassessment of land available for bioenergy production by clarifying the terminology, identifying constraints and options for an efficient bioenergy-use of surplus land and providing policy recommendations for resolving conflicting land-use demands. A serious approach to factoring in the constraints, combined with creativity in utilizing the options provided, in our opinion, would lead to a more sustainable and efficient development of the bioenergy sector. Unless the sustainability challenge is mastered, the interdependent policy objectives of mitigating climate change, obtaining independence from fossil fuels, feeding and fuelling a growing human world population and maintaining biodiversity and ecosystem services will not be met. Despite the advanced developments of bioenergy, we still see regional solutions for designing and establishing sustainable bioenergy production systems with optimized production resulting in social, economic and ecological benefits. Where bioenergy production has been identified as the most suitable option to overcome the given problems of energy security and climate change mitigation, we need to determine which bioenergy cultivation systems are most suitable for the respective types of surplus land, by taking into account issues such as yields, inputs and costs, as well as potential environmental and socio-economic impacts. info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/1313-2652 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1313-2644 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 3.0 Pensoft Publishers 2012 Review Article text/html info:doi:10.3897/biorisk.7.3036 https://doi.org/10.3897/biorisk.7.3036 https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/1894/ https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/1894/download/pdf/ en

10.3897/biorisk.7.2699 2012-10-17 biorisk

Stand age characteristics and soil properties affect species composition of vascular plants in short rotation coppice plantations Baum,Sarah Weih,Martin Bolte,Andreas biodiversity poplar (Populus sp.) willow (Salix sp.) species composition photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) irradiance multivariate analysis BioRisk 7: 51-71 Woody biomass plantations on agricultural sites are an attractive source of biomass for bioenergy, but their effects on local biodiversity are unclear. This study’s objective was to evaluate the influences of light availability, plantation age, and soil properties on phytodiversity in short rotation coppice (SRC) plantations. Ground vegetation mapping, irradiance measurement (PAR), and surface soil analyses were conducted in 15 willow and poplar SRC plantations in Central Sweden and Northern Germany. We performed different multivariate statistical methods like cluster analysis (CA), principal component analysis (PCA), and canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) in order to analyze species composition and the influence of irradiance, age, and soil properties on phytodiversity. CA revealed highest species composition similarities in SRC plantations in close proximity. PCA identified humus quality/essential plant nutrients, plantation age/irradiance effects, soil acidity and shoot age as the four principal components of the recorded parameters. The ground vegetation cover was negatively correlated with the plantation age component and positively with the nutrient component. With an increase in the plantation age component, a shift in species composition was proven towards more forest habitat species, more nutrient-demanding species, and increasing occurrence of indicator species for basic soils. Applying Ellenberg indicator values, basic soil indicator species corresponded in occurrence to increasing nutrient availability. However, species richness was not related to any of our studied site variables. Judged from CCA, species composition in SRC plantations was influenced by plantation age/irradiance, and nutrient availability; soil acidity and shoot age had no significant influence. Young poplar and willow SRC plantations showed greatest variation in photosynthetically active radiation (PAR). Our findings suggest that phytodiversity in SRC plantations depends mainly on plantation age and thus shifts over time. info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/1313-2652 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1313-2644 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 3.0 Pensoft Publishers 2012 Research Article text/html info:doi:10.3897/biorisk.7.2699 https://doi.org/10.3897/biorisk.7.2699 https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/1893/ https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/1893/download/pdf/ en

10.3897/biorisk.7.1969 2012-10-17 biorisk

A framework for a European network for a systematic environmental impact assessment of genetically modified organisms (GMO) Graef,Frieder Römbke,Jörg Binimelis,Rosa Myhr,Anne I. Hilbeck,Angelika Breckling,Broder Dalgaard,Tommy Stachow,Ulrich Catacora,Georgina V. Bøhn,Thomas Quist,David Darvas,Béla Dudel,Gert Oehen,Bernadette Meyer,Hartmut Henle,Klaus Wynne,Brian Metzger,Mark Knäbe,Silvio Settele,Josef Székács,András Wurbs,Angelika Bernard,Jeannette Murphy-Bokern,Donal Buiatti,Marcello Giovannetti,Manuela Debeljak,Marko Andersen,Erling Paetz,Andreas Dzeroski,Saso Tappeser,Beatrix van Gestel,Cornelis A.M. Wosniok,Werner Séralini,Gilles-Eric Aslaksen,Iulie Pesch,Roland Maly,Stanislav Werner,Armin GM crops field testing network environmental risk assessment post-market environmental monitoring typology of EU agro-environment stakeholder involvement socio-economic impact assessment BioRisk 7: 73-97 The assessment of the impacts of growing genetically modified (GM) crops remains a major political and scientific challenge in Europe. Concerns have been raised by the evidence of adverse and unexpected environmental effects and differing opinions on the outcomes of environmental risk assessments (ERA). The current regulatory system is hampered by insufficiently developed methods for GM crop safety testing and introduction studies. Improvement to the regulatory system needs to address the lack of well designed GM crop monitoring frameworks, professional and financial conflicts of interest within the ERA research and testing community, weaknesses in consideration of stakeholder interests and specific regional conditions, and the lack of comprehensive assessments that address the environmental and socio-economic risk assessment interface. To address these challenges, we propose a European Network for systematic GMO impact assessment (ENSyGMO) with the aim directly to enhance ERA and post-market environmental monitoring (PMEM) of GM crops, to harmonize and ultimately secure the long-term socio-political impact of the ERA process and the PMEM in the EU. These goals would be achieved with a multi-dimensional and multi-sector approach to GM crop impact assessment, targeting the variability and complexity of the EU agro-environment and the relationship with relevant socio-economic factors. Specifically, we propose to develop and apply methodologies for both indicator and field site selection for GM crop ERA and PMEM, embedded in an EU-wide typology of agro-environments. These methodologies should be applied in a pan-European field testing network using GM crops. The design of the field experiments and the sampling methodology at these field sites should follow specific hypotheses on GM crop effects and use state-of-the art sampling, statistics and modelling approaches. To address public concerns and create confidence in the ENSyGMO results, actors with relevant specialist knowledge from various sectors should be involved. info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/1313-2652 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1313-2644 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 3.0 Pensoft Publishers 2012 Research Article text/html info:doi:10.3897/biorisk.7.1969 https://doi.org/10.3897/biorisk.7.1969 https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/1892/ https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/1892/download/pdf/ en

10.3897/biorisk.7.1331 2012-10-17 biorisk

Riparian habitat assessment tool for Lebanese rivers (RiHAT): case study Ibrahim River Abboud,Maya Makhzoumi,Jala Clubbe,Colin Zurayk,Rami Jury,Stephen Talhouk,Salma Riparian assessment habitat condition index riparian vegetation Mediterranean river management BioRisk 7: 99-116 Biodiversity conservation in Lebanon ought to be guided by practical assessment tools in order to promote conservation efforts amid destructive and profit driven urban and industrial expansion. The challenge for national conservation scientists, however, is to develop such tools while reconciling between scientific ‘rigor’ and pressing national realities. Those include rapid habitat loss, limited human and financial resources, and the fact that biodiversity is a low national priority compared to other social, political, and economic issues. It is in this context that we propose a rapid management strategy guide based on a habitat assessment tool for riparian ecosystems (which are typically threatened in Lebanon). The proposed riparian habitat assessment tool (RiHAT) consists of a habitat condition index based on twelve indicators grouped under two attributes, floristic and lndscape. info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/1313-2652 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1313-2644 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 3.0 Pensoft Publishers 2012 Research Article text/html info:doi:10.3897/biorisk.7.1331 https://doi.org/10.3897/biorisk.7.1331 https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/1891/ https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/1891/download/pdf/ en

10.3897/biorisk.8.5949 2013-08-08 biorisk

GMO environmental impact monitoring Settele,Josef Zueghart,Wiebke editorial GMO BioRisk 8: 1-2 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/1313-2652 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1313-2644 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 3.0 Pensoft Publishers 2013 Editorial text/html info:doi:10.3897/biorisk.8.5949 https://doi.org/10.3897/biorisk.8.5949 https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/1903/ https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/1903/download/pdf/ en

10.3897/biorisk.8.4036 2013-08-08 biorisk

Tools for a scientifically rigorous and efficient monitoring of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) – VDI Guidelines to ensure high quality of GMO-monitoring data Zueghart,Wiebke Beismann,Heike Schroeder,Winfried Genetically modified organisms post market environmental monitoring VDI Guidelines environmental effects GMO monitoring non-target organism BioRisk 8: 3-13 The deliberate release of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) implies the potential occurrence of environmental impacts which are either unexpected or only partially predictable and, thus, necessitates development of appropriate monitoring methodology. Therefore, new challenges have to be met when implementing the post market environmental monitoring (PMEM) of genetically modified organisms (GMOs), which is mandatory according to the European legal framework. According to Directive 2001/18/EC PMEM has to follow standard methodologies, wherever available and appropriate. To provide all involved parties with appropriate standard monitoring methods, the so called VDI Guidelines are developed by working groups established by the Association of German Engineers (VDI). These working groups are composed by external experts participating on a voluntary basis. The VDI is an independent technical standardisation body. All Guidelines are published in German and English and can therefore be used throughout Europe. VDI Guidelines are available in the field of exposure of the environment to GM plants (e.g. standardised sampling of pollen, standardised observation of hybrids or ferals), bio-molecular analyses (e.g. standardised extraction and detection of transgenes or their products in different environmental compartments), and the standardised monitoring of effects on non-target organisms (e.g. butterflies, wild bees, amphibians or soil organisms). The aim beyond this work is to facilitate generation of reliable and comparable monitoring data and enable an effective and efficient PMEM with high acceptability to the scientific community as well as the general public. info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/1313-2652 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1313-2644 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 3.0 Pensoft Publishers 2013 Research Article text/html info:doi:10.3897/biorisk.8.4036 https://doi.org/10.3897/biorisk.8.4036 https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/1902/ https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/1902/download/pdf/ en

10.3897/biorisk.8.3244 2013-08-08 biorisk

Standardised methods for the GMO monitoring of butterflies and moths: the whys and hows Lang,Andreas Theißen,Bernhard Dolek,Matthias Lepidoptera non-target organisms indicators genetically modified plants monitoring methods transect count light trapping larval survey beating sample standardization cost-efficiency BioRisk 8: 15-38 Butterflies and moths (Lepidoptera) are correlated with many biotic and abiotic characteristics of the environment, and are widely accepted as relevant protection goals. Adverse effects on butterflies and moths through genetically modified (GM) crops have been demonstrated, by both insect-resistant and herbicide-tolerant events. Thus, Lepidoptera are considered suitable bio-indicators for monitoring the potential adverse effects due to the cultivation of GM crops, and guidelines were developed under the umbrella of the Association of German Engineers VDI (Verein Deutscher Ingenieure), entitled “Monitoring the effects of genetically modified organisms (GMO) – Standardised monitoring of butterflies and moths (Lepidoptera): transect method, light trap and larval survey”. Here, the background and rationale of the VDI guidelines is presented, including a summary of the methods described in the guidelines. Special emphasis is given to the discussion of underlying reasons for the selection and adjustment of the applied methodology with respect to the GMO monitoring of day-active Lepidoptera, of night-active moths and of the recording of lepidopteran larvae, as well as to sample design and strategy. Further aspects possibly interfering with monitoring quality are treated such as landscape patterns, low species number and abundance in agro-ecosystems, or high year-to-year fluctuations of populations of Lepidoptera. Though specifically designed for GM crops, the VDI guidelines may also serve as a template to monitor the effects of a wider range of adverse factors on Lepidoptera in agriculture. info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/1313-2652 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1313-2644 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 3.0 Pensoft Publishers 2013 Research Article text/html info:doi:10.3897/biorisk.8.3244 https://doi.org/10.3897/biorisk.8.3244 https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/1901/ https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/1901/download/pdf/ en

10.3897/biorisk.8.3251 2013-08-08 biorisk

Amphibians as indicators of changes in aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems following GM crop cultivation: a monitoring guideline Böll,Susanne Schmidt,Benedikt Veith,Michael Wagner,Norman Rödder,Dennis Weinmann,Cathrin Kirschey,Tom Lötters,Stefan agriculture pesticide deformation population size tadpole recruitment adult BioRisk 8: 39-51 Amphibians are a suitable indicator group for monitoring possible negative direct or indirect effects of GMO cultivation at the individual and population level. Direct effects could occur in aquatic ecosystems via uptake of GM pollen or GM detritus by anuran larvae. However, indirect negative effects caused by changes in cultivation practices (changes in pesticide use, for instance) are more likely. The VDI Guideline 4333 aims to ensure comprehensive monitoring of the different life-stages of anuran species that are common in agricultural landscapes of Austria, Germany and Switzerland. The guideline includes a novel approach to tadpole monitoring. To assess immediate effects, tadpole, metamorph and adult deformation rates are compared with naturally occurring deformation rates. Adult population size, adult body condition and juvenile emergence are monitored over multiple years to assess long-term effects of GM crop cultivation on population viability. At each study site, monitoring has to be carried out at multiple amphibian breeding sites which differ in their exposure to GM crop cultivation. All monitoring data have to be stored in a central database for future meta-analyses. This will ultimately allow for generalized statements about the impact of GM crop cultivation on amphibians. Although specifically designed for GM crops, VDI Guideline 4333 may also serve as a model for studying the effects of a wider range of stressors on amphibian populations in agriculture and forestry. info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/1313-2652 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1313-2644 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 3.0 Pensoft Publishers 2013 Research Article text/html info:doi:10.3897/biorisk.8.3251 https://doi.org/10.3897/biorisk.8.3251 https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/1900/ https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/1900/download/pdf/ en

10.3897/biorisk.8.3600 2013-08-08 biorisk

Monitoring agricultural ecosystems by using wild bees as environmental indicators Schindler,Matthias Diestelhorst,Olaf Haertel,Stephan Saure,Christoph Scharnowski,Arno Schwenninger,Hans. R. wild bees standardised ecological assessment agricultural ecosystems GMO monitoring BioRisk 8: 53-71 Wild bees are abundant in agricultural ecosystems and contribute significantly to the pollination of many crops. The specialisation of many wild bees on particular nesting sites and food resources makes them sensitive to changing habitat conditions. Therefore wild bees are important indicators for environmental impact assessments. Long-term monitoring schemes to measure changes of wild bee communities in agricultural ecosystems are currently lacking. Here we suggest a highly standardized monitoring approach which combines transect walks and pan traps (bowls). The combination of these two methods provides high sample coverage and reveals data on plant-pollinator interactions. We point out that comprehensive methodical, biological and taxonomical expertise is mandatory. The suggested approach is applicable to diverse monitoring goals in an agricultural context e.g. the impact of land use changes as well as monitoring potential effects of GM crops on wild bees. info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/1313-2652 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1313-2644 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 3.0 Pensoft Publishers 2013 Research Article text/html info:doi:10.3897/biorisk.8.3600 https://doi.org/10.3897/biorisk.8.3600 https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/1899/ https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/1899/download/pdf/ en

10.3897/biorisk.8.3255 2013-08-08 biorisk

Soil organisms as an essential element of a monitoring plan to identify the effects of GMO cultivation. Requirements – Methodology – Standardisation Ruf,Andrea Beylich,Anneke Blick,Theo Buechs,Wolfgang Glante,Frank Hoess,Sebastian Roß-Nikoll,Martina Ruess,Liliane Russell,David J. Römbke,Jörg Seitz,Heike Theißen,Bernhard Toschki,Andreas Weinmann,Cathrin Zueghart,Wiebke Soil Organism Monitoring Genetically Modified Organism Standardisation Sampling BioRisk 8: 73-87 After a release of genetically modified organisms, monitoring of potential adverse effects on the environment is mandatory. The protocol used for monitoring should be previously tested in practical studies and must be standardised. Moreover, sampling methods and the evaluation of results must meet current scientific and technical standards. Due to their particular role in maintaining soil quality and in a multitude of ecological processes in agro-ecosystems, soil organisms belong to those groups for which VDI guidelines are being developed. The guideline 4331 Part 1 describes fundamental criteria for the selection and sampling of soil organisms for GMO monitoring and gives guidance for sampling design, sampling strategy and statistical evaluation. In the guideline three approaches are followed: (1) a compilation of previously known effects and exposure pathways, (2) a documentation of ecological functions of soil organisms (ecosystem services) as well as (3) a description of characteristic species compositions in the soil. The aim was to develop a selection matrix that helps to choose the appropriate animal groups to be sampled. Besides the habitat type and the ecological relevance, the selection matrix also considers the suitability of animal groups in terms of practical issues and, in specific cases, anticipated effects. Further parts of the guideline 4331 will describe sampling methods for relevant soil animal groups. info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/1313-2652 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1313-2644 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 3.0 Pensoft Publishers 2013 Research Article text/html info:doi:10.3897/biorisk.8.3255 https://doi.org/10.3897/biorisk.8.3255 https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/1898/ https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/1898/download/pdf/ en

10.3897/biorisk.8.4035 2013-08-08 biorisk

How to track genetically modified (GM) plants in the field? The VDI standard method of floristic mapping of GM plants as an efficient tool Sukopp,Ulrich Schmitz,Ulf Genetically modified plants post-market environmental monitoring VDI guidelines standardised methods floristic mapping wild crossing partners hybrid offspring oilseed rape Brassica napus BioRisk 8: 89-110 The commercial use of genetically modified (GM) organisms is regulated in the EU by law. Thus, monitoring the environmental effects of GM organisms after placement on the market is a mandatory task of the respective consent holder. Since many relevant monitoring procedures lack standardisation, the Association of German Engineers (VDI) has commissioned expert groups with the development of guidelines covering appropriate methodologies. As part of this project, the VDI Guideline 4330 Part 10 was set up (Bleeker et al. 2011) describing a standardised procedure for floristic mapping of spontaneously occurring (non-cultivated) GM crops, their wild potential crossing partners and their hybrid offspring. Areas to be mapped are those where such plants are expected to be found, e.g. on former fields and in the vicinity of current or former fields of GM plants. In the case of transportation, processing or use of GM plants as animal feed, these are areas surrounding the processing, storage, handling and usage facilities, including access routes to and from the facilities. The concept of adverse environmental effects caused by the dispersal and outcrossing of GM plants is briefly introduced. The necessity of floristic mapping in the context of post-market environmental monitoring of GM plants is demonstrated taking oilseed rape as an example. The development of the Guideline VDI 4330 Part 10 is described and its contents are summarised. An important conclusion on the relevance and efficiency of the floristic mapping method is that strict standardisation ensures a high level of EU wide reproducibility and comparability of the results. info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/1313-2652 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1313-2644 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 3.0 Pensoft Publishers 2013 Research Article text/html info:doi:10.3897/biorisk.8.4035 https://doi.org/10.3897/biorisk.8.4035 https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/1897/ https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/1897/download/pdf/ en

10.3897/biorisk.8.4038 2013-08-08 biorisk

Supporting monitoring effects of genetically modified organisms by GIS-technologies and geodata – an overview Schroeder,Winfried Schmidt,Gunther Genetically modified organisms geodata environmental monitoring BioRisk 8: 111-120 The approval of genetically modified organisms for deliberate release and placing on the market requires environmental risk assessment and environmental monitoring. Methodological approaches and implementation of both tasks are still controversially discussed. This article analyses principles of environmental monitoring of genetically modified organisms as published in the Guideline 4330 Part 1 of the Association of German Engineers. Thereby, the article concentrates on the characterisation of the receiving environment affected by cultivation of genetically modified organisms and the representativeness of monitoring systems to assess large-scale implications of the cultivation of genetically modified organisms. Based on this, the article introduces statistical and geoinformatic measures as well as relevant geodata to deal with these issues. info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/1313-2652 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1313-2644 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 3.0 Pensoft Publishers 2013 Research Article text/html info:doi:10.3897/biorisk.8.4038 https://doi.org/10.3897/biorisk.8.4038 https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/1896/ https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/1896/download/pdf/ en

10.3897/biorisk.9.6105 2014-06-10 biorisk

China in the anthropocene: Culprit, victim or last best hope for a global ecological civilisation? Spangenberg,Joachim China pollution climate change land use HANPP biodiversity ecological debt/climate debt CO2 methane politics Common but differentiated responsibility Earth System Science environmental justice BioRisk 9: 1-37 The anthropocene is the age where human influences are determining the development of the planet’s ecosystems and thus the bio-physical basis of future human civilisations. Today China has become the world’s largest economy and its worst polluter with per capita greenhouse gas emissions surpassing the EU average, the world’s largest consumer of all kinds of resources. Even regarding the aggregate contribution to climate change (historical emission residues included), called the climate debt, China has not yet, but will be most probably climbing the top position rather soon.At the same time China is the world’s largest victim of environmental change, including air and soil pollution, water and land scarcity, biodiversity loss and climate change.Thus not only slowing down the increase but reducing emissions should be a top priority for China, and it is: the government has taken some bold steps. China is the world’s largest investor in renewable energies, has the largest afforestation program, and leads the world in reducing carbon dioxide emission reduction. As the largest polluter it has extraordinary opportunities to improve the global state of the environment – is it the world’s last best hope for establishing a global ecological civilisation? Some implications regarding the Chinese environmental policy are discussed, some strengths highlighted and some weaknesses identified.However, despite their magnitude, the efforts–and in particular their implementation–are not yet sufficient. We suggest three additional steps which could help China to begin reducing its climate debt within a couple of decades, define a long term perspective for policy planning and adjust its growth model to the challenges of the anthropocene. info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/1313-2652 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1313-2644 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 4.0 Pensoft Publishers 2014 Research Article text/html info:doi:10.3897/biorisk.9.6105 https://doi.org/10.3897/biorisk.9.6105 https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/1904/ https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/1904/download/pdf/ en

10.3897/biorisk.10.4749 2015-02-18 biorisk

Climatic Risk and Distribution Atlas of European Bumblebees Rasmont,Pierre Franzén,Markus Lecocq,Thomas Harpke,Alexander Roberts,Stuart Biesmeijer,Koos Castro,Leopoldo Cederberg,Björn Dvořák,Libor Fitzpatrick,Úna Gonseth,Yves Haubruge,Eric Mahé,Gilles Manino,Aulo Michez,Denis Neumayer,Johann Ødegaard,Frode Paukkunen,Juho Pawlikowski,Tadeusz Potts,Simon Reemer,Menno Settele,Josef Straka,Jakub Schweiger,Oliver taxonomy BioRisk 10: 1-236 Bumble bees represent one of the most important groups of pollinators. In addition to their ecological and economic relevance, they are also a highly charismatic group which can help to increase the interest of people in realizing, enjoying and conserving natural systems. However, like most animals, bum- ble bees are sensitive to climate. In this atlas, maps depicting potential risks of climate change for bumble bees are shown together with informative summary statistics, ecological back- ground information and a picture of each European species. Thanks to the EU FP7 project STEP, the authors gathered over one million bumblebee records from all over Europe. Based on these data, they modelled the current climatic niche for almost all European species (56 species) and projected future climatically suitable conditions using three climate change scenarios for the years 2050 and 2100. While under a moderate change scenario only 3 species are projected to be at the verge of extinction by 2100, 14 species are at high risk under an intermediate change scenario. Under a most severe change scenario as many as 25 species are projected to lose almost all of their climatically suitable area, while a total of 53 species (77% of the 69 European species) would lose the main part of their suitable area. Climatic risks for bumblebees can be extremely high, depending on the future development of human society, and the corresponding effects on the climate. Strong mitigation strategies are needed to preserve this important species group and to ensure the sustainable provision of pollination services, to which they considerably contribute. info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/1313-2652 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1313-2644 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 4.0 Pensoft Publishers 2015 Monograph text/html info:doi:10.3897/biorisk.10.4749 https://doi.org/10.3897/biorisk.10.4749 https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/4749/ https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/4749/download/pdf/ en

10.3897/biorisk.11.9941 2016-10-04 biorisk

Killer Conservation: the implications of disease on gorilla conservation Schultz,Rhiannon Mountain gorilla gorillas great apes disease transmission zoonotic disease primate conservation BioRisk 11: 1-11 Human intrigue with the natural world has led to a boom in nature-oriented ecotourism and research endeavors. Some of these projects and programs focus on viewing or studying endangered wildlife, but can have negative implications on wild animal health. Human contact with sensitive habitat and wildlife presents a unique opportunity for the transmission of interspecies disease, which can have traumatic effects on the conservation of endangered species. Nonhuman primates have a relatively high risk of contracting disease from visiting tourists and researchers due to their genetic similarity to humans. Local people living in and around sensitive habitats also pose a potential threat of disease transmission. There are some protocols in place to help alleviate interspecies disease transmission, but many of these protocols are centered on protecting humans rather than nonhuman primates. Using Mountain gorillas as an example, this paper examines the literature and research regarding Mountain gorilla health and welfare in the wild. Drawing on the possible shortcomings of current protocols and the potential health risks of these issues, this paper suggests some avenues for further research and pushes for the development of stronger methods for preventing interspecies disease transmission. info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/1313-2652 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1313-2644 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 4.0 Pensoft Publishers 2016 Research Article text/html info:doi:10.3897/biorisk.11.9941 https://doi.org/10.3897/biorisk.11.9941 https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/9941/ https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/9941/download/pdf/ en

10.3897/biorisk.12.12156 2017-07-14 biorisk

Global Trends in Biorisk Management Bathula,Sreenivas Reddy Rakhimol,A. Biorisk Biosafety biosecurity biosafety level laboratories and laboratory management BioRisk 12: 1-23 This report recapitulates the diverse aspects of biological safety. Biological laboratory is a space that facilitates the handling and storage of microorganisms, their components or their derivatives. Laboratories that handle dangerous pathogens have to act in a responsible manner to manage the safety and security threats posed by these pathogens. This necessity was foreground in the December 2008 World at risk report, which specifically demanded bioscience laboratories that handle dangerous pathogens to implement a unified laboratory biorisk management framework to enhance their safety and security. The report also discusses the guidelines of biosafety regulations provided by World Health Organization (WHO) that are necessary to adequately and sustainably manage these biorisks and helps in better understanding of risk governance approaches for laboratories that handle dangerous pathogens to achieve the ultimate goal of minimizing or preventing the occurrence and consequences of human error within the laboratory environment: the biorisk management approach, composed of biosafety, laboratory biosecurity and ethical responsibility. It preferably provides an agreement between authorities, the public, and the scientific community establishing trust and societal safety and security, while enabling the continued progress of science. Biorisk management approach demonstrates that biorisks in all their potential forms are appropriately addressed, managed and minimized. Thus, biorisk management has become an important aspect of the development and sustainability of biological activities. info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/1313-2652 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1313-2644 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 4.0 Pensoft Publishers 2017 Review Article text/html info:doi:10.3897/biorisk.12.12156 https://doi.org/10.3897/biorisk.12.12156 https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/12156/ https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/12156/download/pdf/ en

10.3897/biorisk.12.14061 2017-08-17 biorisk

Elucidating food plants of the aggregative, synchronously flashing Southeast Asian firefly, Pteroptyx tener Olivier (Coleoptera, Lampyridae) Cheng,Shawn Kar-Men,Chan Ishak,Shah-Fadir Khoo,V. Chew,M.Y. Pteroptyx tener host firefly plants chloroplast DNA BioRisk 12: 25-39 The aggregative, synchronously flashing firefly, Pteroptyx tener congregates on a nightly basis on Berembang trees (Sonneratia caseolaris) growing along the lower reaches of the Selangor River (West Malaysia). Every night, the males and females of this species engage one another in a pre-mating ritual of flash communication. Little is known of the dietary requirements of the adults of P. tener apart from suggestions that these beetles feed on the nectar and sap of mangrove trees. The drastic reduction in their numbers in recent years has sparked an urgency to understand their dietary needs. Here, we report on a series of probing experiments where we sequenced and analysed DNA fragments obtained from the gut contents of adult P. tener specimens. We detected coding and non-coding chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) gene sequences in the gut DNA extracts of P. tener. One DNA sequence was in reasonably good condition to allow us to match it to the cpDNA sequence of a Malvacean, that is, Heritiera littoralis, a common inhabitant of estuarine habitats. We also detected the DNA sequences of plants (cultivated and natural) that may have come from hamlets or isolated freshwater swamps located further inland. The findings reported here provide early indication that P. tener may be able to travel further inland to search for their hosts. Future research should focus on visually confirming if P. tener feeds on H. littoralis and obtaining a more complete reference DNA database of plants in the firefly habitat. info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/1313-2652 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1313-2644 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 4.0 Pensoft Publishers 2017 Research Article text/html info:doi:10.3897/biorisk.12.14061 https://doi.org/10.3897/biorisk.12.14061 https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/14061/ https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/14061/download/pdf/ en

10.3897/biorisk.13.22316 2018-01-12 biorisk

Insect hibernation on urban green land: a winter-adapted mowing regime as a management tool for insect conservation Unterweger,Philipp Andreas Klammer,Jorinde Unger,Manuela Betz,Oliver Coleoptera Diptera green space habitat protection Heteroptera hibernation Hymenoptera insect decline meadow mowing urban ecology BioRisk 13: 1-29 Insect conservation is challenging on various ecological scales. One largely neglected aspect is the quality of undisturbed hibernation sites. This study aims to fill a lack of knowledge concerning insect hibernation on uncut meadows persisting in urban green spaces during the winter season in a middle-sized town in south Germany. During two years of sampling, 13,511 insect specimens of the orders Heteroptera, Hymenoptera, Coleoptera and Diptera were caught from their winter stands. The specimens were assigned to 120 families and 140 taxonomic species were determined from the orders Heteroptera, Coleoptera and Diptera and 324 morphotypes from the orders Hymenoptera, Coleoptera and Diptera. The data indicate the importance of winter fallows for insect hibernation. Unmown meadows offer additional plant structures in winter (flower heads, stems, tufts and leaves) that are absent from mown ones. This increased structural diversity results in both higher species diversity and numbers of insect individuals during spring emergence. The results of this study thus emphasise the value of unmown structures for insect conservation and suggest a mosaic-like cutting maintenance of meadows, way- and river-sides and other green infrastructure in both the urban area and the open landscape. info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/1313-2652 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1313-2644 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 4.0 Pensoft Publishers 2018 Research Article text/html info:doi:10.3897/biorisk.13.22316 https://doi.org/10.3897/biorisk.13.22316 https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/22316/ https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/22316/download/pdf/ en

10.3897/biorisk.13.20688 2018-02-21 biorisk

Spatial analysis of the occurrence of protected butterflies in six European biogeographic regions as a tool for the environmental risk assessment of Bt maize Dolezel,Marion Bartel,Andreas Heissenberger,Andreas Genetically modified plants European Union protection goals environmental risk assessment Bt maize non-target Lepidoptera biogeographical regions Habitats Directive spatial analysis BioRisk 13: 31-52 In the environmental risk assessment (ERA) of genetically modified plants (GMP), the consideration of the different environments where genetically modified plants (GMP) will be commercially grown (the receiving environments) plays a crucial role. In addition, relevant protection goals which may be adversely affected by the GMP have to be considered during the ERA. Using a literature- and GIS-based approach, distribution data of protected lepidopteran species listed in Council Directive 92/43/EEC and of maize cultivation was used in order to evaluate potential spatial overlaps between GM maize and protected non-target Lepidoptera in different biogeographical regions (BGR) of the EU. Each BGR has its peculiarity regarding maize cultivation and the distribution of protected butterflies. The lepidopteran fauna of the Pannonian BGR is particularly sensitive due to large maize cultivation shares and wide distribution of protected butterflies within this BGR. For the BGRs evaluated potential, spatial exposures of protected butterflies to GM maize cannot be excluded. This study shows that the suggested approach is a useful tool for the consideration of EU-wide protected species in different receiving environments during the problem formulation of the ERA of GMPs. info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/1313-2652 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1313-2644 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 4.0 Pensoft Publishers 2018 Research Article text/html info:doi:10.3897/biorisk.13.20688 https://doi.org/10.3897/biorisk.13.20688 https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/20688/ https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/20688/download/pdf/ en

10.3897/biorisk.13.23514 2018-03-15 biorisk

Invasion stages and potential distributions of seven exotic terrestrial isopods in Japan Karasawa,Shigenori Nakata,Kensuke Ecological niche model Maxent Oniscidea precipitation temperature BioRisk 13: 53-76 Evaluating potential distribution areas and limiting factors for the distribution of exotic species in invasive regions are essential to identify risks and protect the native ecosystem. However, less research has been conducted on the underground ecosystem than for above-ground. Factors, limiting the distributions of exotic terrestrial isopods, have been identified and their invasive stages and potential distribution areas in Japan evaluated. A database of distribution data has been developed for 17,412 terrestrial isopod specimens in Japan and two ecological niche models constructed using 19 bioclimatic variables; the regional model was calculated using data from Japan (invasive region) only, whereas a combination of data from Japan and North America (invasive regions) and Europe (native region) was used to construct the global model. The global model predicted that annual mean temperature and mean diurnal-temperature range were the important limiting factors for most exotic isopods. It was found that Armadillidium nasatum Budde-Lund, 1833, A. vulgare Latreille, 1804, Haplophthalmus danicus Budde-Lund, 1880, Porcellio laevis Latreille, 1804, P. scaber Latreille, 1804 and Porcellionides pruinosus (Brandt, 1833) were composed of stabilising and colonising populations, which enabled prediction of the future spread of distribution areas for these species in Japan. Porcellio dilatatus Brandt, 1833 was introduced in unstable environments and thus was found in fewer locations. info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/1313-2652 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1313-2644 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 4.0 Pensoft Publishers 2018 Research Article text/html info:doi:10.3897/biorisk.13.23514 https://doi.org/10.3897/biorisk.13.23514 https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/23514/ https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/23514/download/pdf/ en

10.3897/biorisk.14.30319 2019-05-09 biorisk

Impact of hydromorphological pressures on the macrophytes bioindicators of the ecological water quality in Mediterranean rivers Maissour,Abdellah Benamar,Saad Ecological water quality Macrophytes reference list bioindication hydromorphology Mediterranean rivers BioRisk 14: 1-14 One of the important tools to evaluate the ecological quality of surface water is the Macrophytes indices based on the bioindication capacity of aquatic plants. In Mediterranean rivers (France, Spain, and Portugal), the development of some macrophytes indices like l’Indice Biologique Macrophytes Rivières (IBMR), the biological metric score (BMS), as well as the Fluvial Macrophyte Index (IMF) are founded on the determination of the indicator values of the floristic reference lists. The aim of this study was to test the impact of the eco-Mediterranean differences (from one country to another) on the indicator taxa by comparing the indicator values of the Euro‐ Mediterranean macrophyte indices. With this in mind, we explore the possibility of the introduction of the Euro‐Mediterranean macrophytes-based indices in Morocco (i.e. the hydrological basin of Sebou (HBS)) as a part of a preliminary attempt to develop the first Afro-Mediterranean macrophyte index. We confirm that the ecological amplitude and species optima vary between Mediterranean ecoregions, and indicator taxa differ between countries: There are medium to small correlations between Mediterranean indices: IBMR/BMS (p = 0.000, R2 = 0.57), IMF/BMS (p = 0.000, R2 = 0.34), and IBMR/IMF (p = 0.000, R2 = 0.30). Five species exhibit major differences in indicator values: Zannichellia palustris and Potamogeton pectinatus have more eutrophic indicator values in France (IBMR) than in Spain (IMF). Potamogeton nodosus, Amblystegium riparium and Lycopus europaeus have broader ecological amplitudes in Portugal (BMS) than in France (IBMR) and in Spain (IMF), where it is restricted to eutrophic conditions. Furthermore, the three indicator systems include different indicator-taxon numbers. The comparison of the HBS elaborated list with the Euro‐Mediterranean indices revealed the low level of common taxa approximately 6.76% of all indicator species used in the French index (IBMR), 10.48% in the Portuguese index (IMF) and 12.38% in the Spanish index (BMS). These results show the inadequacy of the trophic indices approach with the HBS conditions and thus the need for the development of an index based on biotic indices approach. info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/1313-2652 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1313-2644 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 4.0 Pensoft Publishers 2019 Research Article text/html info:doi:10.3897/biorisk.14.30319 https://doi.org/10.3897/biorisk.14.30319 https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/30319/ https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/30319/download/pdf/ en

10.3897/biorisk.14.32682 2019-06-04 biorisk

What about biological corridors? A review on some problems of concepts and their management Moreno,Roberto Guerrero-Jimenez,Claudia Jimena Ecosystem management biodiversity conservation biological corridor sustainability BioRisk 14: 15-24 Natural ecosystems are increasingly being affected by climate change and fragmentation, which have a strong impact on biodiversity thus affecting habitats and species diversity of flora and fauna at all levels. As a response to this situation the idea of biological corridors was developed. This review relates the problems associated with the main concepts and definitions of the biological corridors, seeking to highlight the advantages of this tool and describing its potential applicability, and showing the importance of the biological corridors as a solution to improve the conservation of species and so as to support sustainable development in areas of high biodiversity. Examples of biological corridors in several countries are cited and its application guidelines and conservation benefits are described. In conclusion, the need to improve information on habitat and its association with wild species is highlighted through adaptive forestry that is part of a comprehensive management of forest ecosystems. In addition, it is important to monitor the effects of corridors implemented in a feedback process that allows a greater analysis and evaluation of the overall positive effects of their implementation. Finally, some management actions are proposed to improve the conservation of ecosystems. info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/1313-2652 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1313-2644 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 4.0 Pensoft Publishers 2019 Review Article text/html info:doi:10.3897/biorisk.14.32682 https://doi.org/10.3897/biorisk.14.32682 https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/32682/ https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/32682/download/pdf/ en

10.3897/biorisk.14.35953 2019-07-02 biorisk

Predating behavior of the Laughing falcon (Herpetotheres cachinnans) on the venomous Amazonian pit viper Bothrops atrox (the use of roads as a prey source) Medrano-Vizcaíno,Pablo Cofán Bermejo Ecological Reserve Diet Equis Raptor birds Venomous snakes BioRisk 14: 25-30 Aspects about the feeding behavior of the Laughing falcon (Herpetotheres cachinnans)article remain poorly investigated with scarce reports of identified species ingested by this bird. Worse still, information describing how this bird ingests poisonous snakes is not known. Although this falcon eats snakes, there are no reports of feeding on Bothrops atrox. In this work, I describe this predation event and analyze how roads seem to be a potential hunting strategy that H. cachinnans exploit to prey on snakes. info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/1313-2652 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1313-2644 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 4.0 Pensoft Publishers 2019 Short Communication text/html info:doi:10.3897/biorisk.14.35953 https://doi.org/10.3897/biorisk.14.35953 https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/35953/ https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/35953/download/pdf/ en

10.3897/biorisk.15.49297 2020-05-04 biorisk

Beyond limits – the pitfalls of global gene drives for environmental risk assessment in the European Union Dolezel,Marion Lüthi,Christoph Gaugitsch,Helmut environmental risk assessment European Union gene drive genetically modified organism GMO BioRisk 15: 1-29 Gene drive organisms (GDOs) have been suggested as approaches to combat some of the most pressing environmental and public health issues. No such organisms have so far been released into the environment, but it remains unclear whether the relevant regulatory provisions will be fit for purpose to cover their potential environmental, human and animal health risks if environmental releases of GDOs are envisaged. We evaluate the novel features of GDOs and outline the resulting challenges for the environmental risk assessment. These are related to the definition of the receiving environment, the use of the comparative approach, the definition of potential harm, the stepwise testing approach, the assessment of long-term and large-scale risks at population and ecosystem level and the post-release monitoring of adverse effects. Fundamental adaptations as well as the development of adequate risk assessment methodologies are needed in order to enable an operational risk assessment for globally spreading GDOs before these organisms are released into environments in the EU. info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/1313-2652 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1313-2644 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 4.0 Pensoft Publishers 2020 Research Article text/html info:doi:10.3897/biorisk.15.49297 https://doi.org/10.3897/biorisk.15.49297 https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/49297/ https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/49297/download/pdf/ en

10.3897/biorisk.15.58455 2020-12-02 biorisk

Total and faecal coliforms presence in cenotes of Cancun; Quintana Roo, Mexico Borbolla-Vazquez,Jessica Ugalde-Silva,Paul León-Borges,José Antonio Díaz-Hernández,Job Alí cenote faecal coliform total coliform underground water BioRisk 15: 31-43 The large increase in population in Cancun, Mexico has increased domestic, agricultural and industrial activities, resulting in inadequate solid and liquid waste management that can affect underground aquifers. One of the factors which affects water quality is coliform bacteria. The present study focused on determining the presence of total and faecal coliforms in ten urban cenotes in Cancun. Sampling was carried out in the dry and rainy seasons of 2018. The Most Probable Number (MPN) technique was used to determine the concentration of coliform bacteria. The results from the analyses indicate that the ten cenotes are contaminated with total and faecal coliforms. Additionally, the concentration of coliforms increases during the rainy season. We conclude that all the cenotes are contaminated with faecal coliforms and suggest that more studies are necessary to determine the origin of this contamination and the impact on the ecosystem. info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/1313-2652 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1313-2644 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 4.0 Pensoft Publishers 2020 Research Article text/html info:doi:10.3897/biorisk.15.58455 https://doi.org/10.3897/biorisk.15.58455 https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/58455/ https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/58455/download/pdf/ en

10.3897/biorisk.15.59823 2020-12-29 biorisk

Selection of non-target Lepidoptera species to test Bt maize effects in the laboratory: which species and how to breed them? Lang,Andreas Dolek,Matthias Lee,Marina Freese-Hager,Anja Otto,Mathias breeding Bt maize ecotoxicity GMO Lepidoptera risk assessment species selection test species BioRisk 15: 45-65 Bt maize targeting Lepidopteran pests poses potential risks for non-target (NT) butterflies and moths which are addressed in the environmental risk assessment of genetically modified crop plants. For this purpose, eco-toxicological tests are often conducted with specific NT species in the laboratory in order to assess possible adverse effects. As only a limited number of surrogate species can be addressed, the choice of focal species to be tested is an important decision. However, practical and standardised selection procedures have hardly been developed and applied for NT Lepidoptera, so far. Here, we present a transparent and systematic selection process of suitable test species for Germany, involving selection criteria such as exposure to Bt maize, habitat range and laboratory maintenance of the species. As a result, we compiled a list of 15 lepidopteran species particularly appropriate for testing the adverse effects of Bt maize in the laboratory. In addition, we collected and reviewed published reports for breeding methods of Lepidoptera, which provides essential information on maintaining lab stocks of NT Lepidoptera. The presented selection procedure allows focusing on the relevant test species in a transparent and reproducible way, and supplies the breeding knowledge required to breed and maintain them, which will be of great utility for the future assessment on possible risks of Bt maize cultivation to non-target Lepidoptera. info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/1313-2652 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1313-2644 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 4.0 Pensoft Publishers 2020 Research Article text/html info:doi:10.3897/biorisk.15.59823 https://doi.org/10.3897/biorisk.15.59823 https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/59823/ https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/59823/download/pdf/ en

10.3897/biorisk.16.61099 2021-03-09 biorisk

Citizen scientists significantly improve our knowledge on the non-native longhorn beetle Chlorophorus annularis (Fabricius, 1787) (Coleoptera, Cerambycidae) in Europe Seidel,Matthias Lüttke,Maren Cocquempot,Christian Potts,Katy Heeney,Wil J. Husemann,Martin bamboo Cerambycidae Coleoptera Hamburg insect invasion biology neozoa pest organism BioRisk 16: 1-13 The Asian bamboo borer Chlorophorus annularis is a beetle species that has been introduced in many countries globally. Originating in Southeast Asia, it can now be found in the Americas, South Africa, the Middle East, Australasia and Europe. The literature record of the species in Europe consists of findings of single individuals usually associated with imported bamboo products. A general European effort in surveying C. annularis was never undertaken, since the overall scientific consensus was that the species cannot establish here. Yet, recent records in Genk, Torhout (Belgium) and in Hamburg (Germany) do not seem directly associated with a recently imported product and hence may indicate otherwise. Such a shortfall in recording commonly imported, potentially invasive species may be counteracted through citizen science initiatives, allowing for continuous, high density monitoring. In this paper we present thirteen new records of the species from five European countries, including two new country records, mostly going back to interested citizen scientists. info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/1313-2652 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1313-2644 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 4.0 Pensoft Publishers 2021 Research Article text/html info:doi:10.3897/biorisk.16.61099 https://doi.org/10.3897/biorisk.16.61099 https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/61099/ https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/61099/download/pdf/ en

10.3897/biorisk.17.84978 2022-04-21 biorisk

International seminar of ecology – 2021 “Current trends of ecology” Chankova,Stephka none BioRisk 17: 1-5 none info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/1313-2652 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1313-2644 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 4.0 Pensoft Publishers 2022 Editorial text/html info:doi:10.3897/biorisk.17.84978 https://doi.org/10.3897/biorisk.17.84978 https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/84978/ https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/84978/download/pdf/ en

10.3897/biorisk.17.77438 2022-04-21 biorisk

Ecocide – global consequences (pesticides, radionuclides, petroleum products) Metcheva,Roumiana Ostoich,Peter Beltcheva,Michaela Pesticides petroleum products radionuclides BioRisk 17: 7-18 The problem of environmental pollution is becoming increasingly important on a global scale. Man has oversaturated the environment of his habitat with harmful and most often toxic waste. It is difficult to describe all the toxic substances, as a separate book can be written for each group. The term “ecocide” has been introduced, which reflects large-scale destruction of the natural environment. We will focus only on three classes of pollutants that are of particular concern, creating environmental conflicts. These are: • Pesticides are extremely toxic and create large amounts of non-degradable waste. It accumulates in tissues and organs of target organisms, becoming toxic and causing serious pathological changes in the body, mainly at the cellular and subcellular levels, causing various diseases and as a result, serious changes in the structure and functions of the populations and the whole ecosystem are increasingly observed. • Waste from the nuclear industry and radioactive fallout from nuclear explosions. It is especially dangerous that radioactive elements can be concentrated in certain organs. • Petroleum products - often large quantities end up in the seas and oceans, along with industrial waste of various kinds, impossible to compensate for by nature and they pose a serious threat to ecosystems, many of which have already been destroyed. At the submolecular level, chemical and physical effects can lead to genetic rearrangements (mutations); destructive ionization in the tissues of every living being, sometimes with completely unexpected consequences for humans. info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/1313-2652 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1313-2644 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 4.0 Pensoft Publishers 2022 Research Article text/html info:doi:10.3897/biorisk.17.77438 https://doi.org/10.3897/biorisk.17.77438 https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/77438/ https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/77438/download/pdf/ en

10.3897/biorisk.17.77458 2022-04-21 biorisk

Correlation between bacterial abundance, soil properties and heavy metal contamination in the area of non-ferrous metal processing plant, Southern Bulgaria Nikolova,Radina Petkova,Michaella Dinev,Nikolai Kenarova,Anelia Boteva,Silvena Berov,Dimitar Radeva,Galina Bacterial abundance 16S rRNA gene heavy metals soil contamination soil properties BioRisk 17: 19-30 In the present study, the correlation between bacterial abundance and soil physicochemical properties along the heavy metal contamination gradient in the area of non-ferrous metal processing plant was assessed. Our results showed that bacterial abundance (number of heterotrophic bacteria and number of 16S rRNA gene copies) decreased with 45–56% (CFU) and 54–87% (16S rRNA gene) along the Zn, Pb and Cd contamination gradient. The total bacterial abundance (16S rRNA gene) increased exponentially in contrast to the abundance of heterotrophic bacteria. The reduction of bacterial abundance in heavily contaminated soil indicated that the soil properties (soil pH, total organic carbon, inorganic ions, soil texture) could modify the effects of heavy metals and the response of microorganisms to that stress in long-term contaminated soils. info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/1313-2652 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1313-2644 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess CC BY 4.0 Pensoft Publishers 2022 Research Article text/html info:doi:10.3897/biorisk.17.77458 https://doi.org/10.3897/biorisk.17.77458 https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/77458/ https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/77458/download/pdf/ en cGFnZT0xJnNldD1iaW9yaXNrJmZyb209JnVudGlsPSZtZXRhZGF0YV9wcmVmaXg9b2FpX2Rj