Latest Articles from BioRisk Latest 86 Articles from BioRisk https://biorisk.pensoft.net/ Thu, 28 Mar 2024 19:43:07 +0200 Pensoft FeedCreator https://biorisk.pensoft.net/i/logo.jpg Latest Articles from BioRisk https://biorisk.pensoft.net/ Study of the dynamics of the microbial communities in the wedge clam Donax trunculus (Linnaeus, 1758) from the Bulgarian aquatory of the Black Sea https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/111253/ BioRisk 21: 29-40

DOI: 10.3897/biorisk.21.111253

Authors: Sevginar F. Ibryamova, Stephany Toschkova, Darina Ch. Bachvarova, Elitca Stanachkova, Radoslav I. Ivanov, Nikolay D. Natchev, Tsveteslava V. Ignatova-Ivanova

Abstract: In the present work, we investigated the dynamics of the microbial communities in the wedge clam Donax trunculus (Linnaeus, 1758) from the Bulgarian coastal waters of the Black Sea. The samples were collected in the period of January 2020 until December 2022 from Arkutino, Ahtopol, Obzor and Tsarevo. The BIOLOG system was used for microbiological determination. In our investigation were isolated the following microorganisms: Enterococcus cancerogenus, Enterococcus hirae, Escherichia vulneris, Citrobacter farmeri, Acinetobacter gyllenbergii, Enterococcus hirae, Escherichia vulneris, Enterobacter cloacae, Escherichia hermannii, Pseudomonas mendocina, Pseudomonas fulva, Pseudomonas alcaligenes, Pseudomonas putida, Acinetobacter johnsonii, Acinetobacter gyllenbergii, Enterococcus hirae, Escherichia vulneris, Enterococcus gallinarum, Citrobacter sedakii, Pseudomonas putida, Streptococcus lugdunensis, Enterococcus casseliflavus, Vibrio cincinnatiensis, Vibrio alginolyticus, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Enterococcus hirae, Streptococcus aureus, Staphylococcus lugdunensis and Enterococcus casseliflavus. During the winter period, we detected the presence of Pseudomonas sp. – P. alcaligenes, P. putida, and A. gyllenbergii. In the autumn months we isolated C. sedakii, C. farmeri, A. gyllenbergii, A. johnsonii, P. fulva and E. casseliflavus. In the spring, E. cancerogenus, E. hirae and Pseudomonas mendocina were found. During the summer, the highest biodiversity of microorganisms - E. hirae, E. vulneris, E. cloacae, E. gallinarum, P. putida, V. cincinnatiensis, V. alginolyticus, V. parahaemolyticus, S. aureus, E. hermannii and S. lugdunensis were registered. Although our three-year research showed that some species are permanent and others are transient, we tend to accept the conclusion that there is only a transient microbiota in mussels and it changes depending on environmental conditions or is a result of pollution of the Black Sea.

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Research Article Tue, 5 Dec 2023 10:48:42 +0200
Prospects and possibilities of using Raman spectroscopy for the identification of Pseudomonas aeruginosa from turtle Emys orbicularis (Linnaeus, 1758) skin https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/111983/ BioRisk 21: 19-28

DOI: 10.3897/biorisk.21.111983

Authors: Aleksandrs Petjukevičs, Inta Umbraško, Natalja Škute

Abstract: This study describes an express method for identifying microorganisms: Pseudomonas aeruginosa by standard Raman spectroscopy, without surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS). The short-wavelength 514 nm Ar-Ion laser was used for P. aeruginosa spectral identification in the Raman shift range from 3200 cm−1 to 200 cm−1. The research results showed a high analytical and diagnostic sensitivity of the technology to the express identification of P. aeruginosa and can be used as one of the reliable methods. The proven technology is promising for further research of other microorganisms due to several significant advantages of the method. It does not require long-term cultivation of bacteria and special sample preparation, additional expensive reagents or consumables.

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Research Article Fri, 17 Nov 2023 15:53:04 +0200
Biomonitoring with bryophytes in managed forested areas. Three examples from the southern Italian Apennines https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/108551/ BioRisk 21: 11-18

DOI: 10.3897/biorisk.21.108551

Authors: Carmine Colacino

Abstract: Three sites in the southern Italian Apennines were selected to assess correlation between forest structure and bryophyte flora. In two of the sites, the Index of Air Purity (IAP)–based on cover data of epiphytic bryophytes–was evaluated. The results show that bryophyte populations–and consequently IAP–are affected by forest structure and development, and that studies including different sites require a precise assessment of silvicultural characteristics to allow comparisons. Indicator values of mosses and liverworts were also taken into consideration in characterizing ecologically the three sites.

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Short Communication Fri, 27 Oct 2023 17:24:38 +0300
The use of boreal relict shrub habitats of willow-leaf meadow sweet (Spiraea salicifolia) and shrubby cinquefoil (Potentilla fruticosa) in Western Rhodope Mts. by mammal species https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/97604/ BioRisk 20: 139-152

DOI: 10.3897/biorisk.20.97604

Authors: Venislava Spasova, Daniela Simeonovska-Nikolova, Krastio Dimitrov, Gabriela Petrova, Kalina Pachedjieva, Rossen Tzonev

Abstract: Plant communities of two peat-shrub species – Spiraea salicifolia and Potentilla fruticosa were studied in the Rhodope Mts., with emphasis on their use as a resource for the mammals associated with them. These shrubs are boreal relicts among the dominant coniferous forests. The field surveys were conducted in the spring-autumn period of 2021–2022. In both study areas, the species composition of the mammals was studied by camera traps for medium and large mammals, and by Sherman live traps for small mammals. The species registered were roe deer (Capreolus capreolus), red fox (Vulpes vulpes), wild boar (Sus scrofa), pine marten (Martes martes), European hare (Lepus europaeus), red squirrel (Sciurus vulgaris), bank vole (Myodes glareolus) and yellow-necked mouse (Apodemus flavicollis). Having in mind that small mammals are vital prey base for avian and mammalian predators, it is not surprising that M. glareolus and A. flavicollis individuals were captured in the habitats that they probably use as shelters. The pine marten inhabits the forests by which the community of P. fruticosa is surrounded, but probably feeds on the rodents in the shrub. In this way, it probably provides it with an alternative to the forest food base and hunting ground. From the presented results, it seems that the L. europaeus uses P. fruticosa shrubs as food. Therefore, the plant communities of the two relict peat-shrub species studied probably provide shelter and food for the mammals. Their importance is established for at least one species of mammal with conservation significance at national and European level – M. martes. Therefore, it is necessary to continue and expand the future monitoring on mammal diversity of these relict communities.

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Research Article Mon, 15 May 2023 20:00:11 +0300
Comparative study of metal concentration determination in albumen of hen eggs originating from industrial poultry farms, backyard and free-range hens using ICP-OES technique https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/97322/ BioRisk 20: 129-138

DOI: 10.3897/biorisk.20.97322

Authors: Plamen M. Kirov, Metody Karadjov, Hristo K. Hristov, Radostina Alexandrova

Abstract: There have been multiple types of research focusing on the relationship between feed ingredients and metal content in the egg white due to their role in human nutrition. The aim of the present study is to determine the metal concentration in hens’ eggs and, in particular, to compare the metal concentration in egg albumen originating from industrial poultry farms with that of backyard and free-range hens. All samples were collected in Romania from five separate counties and 10 different farms, over a period of two weeks and, as a result, a total of 50 were collected, 10 from each housing system (batteries/cages, litter/soil, free-range, organic and backyard). The measurements of the metals were taken by Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES), with a wide range of elements reported. For the essential elements, we measured Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn; Al, Cd, Ni and Pb for the heavy metals and, in addition, we measured B, Ba, Sr, Ca and Mg. The present study revealed that the metals in eggs from free-range hens are richer in essential elements with mean concentrations as follows: 1.528 mg/kg for Fe, 3.278 mg/kg for Zn, 0.058 mg/kg for Mn and 1.362 mg/kg for Cu. We concluded that the egg quality is closely connected with the housing system and nutrition. Furthermore, the results demonstrate that eggs from backyard housing are no better than those from free-range hens in terms of essential metal composition. The heavy and non-essential metal contents, present in the albumen of all the examined eggs, were much lower than the maximum allowed concentration and, therefore, egg consumption does not pose any risk to human health.

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Research Article Mon, 15 May 2023 20:00:10 +0300
Study of the plant growth-promoting capacity of Pseudomonas putida 1046 in a model plant system https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/97581/ BioRisk 20: 115-128

DOI: 10.3897/biorisk.20.97581

Authors: Gloria Georgieva, Trayana Nedeva, Marina Badalova, Veronika Deleva, Valentin Savov

Abstract: Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) represent a microbial community that exerts growth-promoting capabilities in plants by various mechanisms. Among the PGPR genera, Pseudomonas spp. deserves special attention. It is due to its characteristic traits, like the production of phytohormones and siderophores, solubilization of minerals and phosphates, and plant protection from biotic and abiotic stress. These PGPR properties depend on the microorganism and its plant counterpart. The use of microbial strains as bioinoculants must consider the physiological and economic aspects of the process, and the plant growth stimulating effect has to be checked and proved. This study aimed to explore the PGP capacity of Pseudomonas putida 1046 strain in a model plant system of the economically important corn culture (Zea mays). The effect of the strain’s metabolic status on the plant germination capacity was evaluated. Bacterial cultures, grown 16 h and 48 h, were explored for the treatment of the corn seeds at three experimental concentrations: 0.1, 0.2, and 0.4%, and monitoring of their germination capacity through the growth indicators length of the radicle, length of the coleoptile, and the number of lateral roots. The data obtained outline the positive effect of Pseudomonas putida 1046 on the germination capacity of corn when applied at 0.2% concentration. The in vitro treatment of the model plants with 0.2% suspension resulted in a 22.87%–28.33% increase in the length of the radicle, a 35.96%–49.56% increase in the length of the coleoptile, and a 5.41–16.67% increase in the number of the lateral roots. High values of the vigour index (2125 for 16 h and 2721 for 48 h culture) were also registered. The strain’s ability to produce siderophores of hydroximate type and exhibit phosphate solubilizing activity is proved. The optimal treatment parameters of the corn seeds comprise the application of 0.2% suspension of 16 h grown Pseudomonas putida 1046 strain for five days.

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Research Article Mon, 15 May 2023 20:00:09 +0300
In vitro clonal propagation of Tanacetum cinerariifolium and establishment of an ex situ collection of selected clones https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/97566/ BioRisk 20: 97-114

DOI: 10.3897/biorisk.20.97566

Authors: Vladimir Ilinkin, Boryanka Traykova, Marina Stanilova

Abstract: Dalmatian pyrethrum Tanacetum cinerariifolium (Trevir.) Sch. Bip. (Asteraceae) is a perennial herb endemic to the eastern coast of the Adriatic Sea. The species is widely cultivated in many countries for its bioactive compounds pyrethrins, which are used as natural insecticides. Plants derived from seeds vary greatly in pyrethrin content; therefore, the vegetative propagation of high-quality individuals is very important for the establishment of agricultural pyrethrum crops. The present study deals with rapid in vitro multiplication of pyrethrum, ex vitro adaptation of selected clones and creation of an ex situ collection, as a first step towards introducing the species into agriculture in Bulgaria. Seeds from a private ex situ collection in Bulgaria and from a natural Croatian population were used as initial material for in vitro cultures initiation. Basal MS medium (Murashige and Skoog 1962) or MS supplemented with different concentrations of kinetin and indole-3-butyric acid were used for seed germination and multiplication of one-seed derived clones by consecutive subcultivations. The propagation effectiveness was evaluated as a number of new plants obtained per initial shoot. Considerable losses were noticed due to both endophytic contaminations and necrosis, especially on media supplemented with plant growth regulators. These problems were overcome by medium optimization: adding an antibiotic and modifying the medium to increase the calcium concentration using CaCO3. In the best medium variant (basal MS + 200 mg/L Medaxone + 75 mg/L Ca) no more infected plants were observed, and the percentage of necrotic plants decreased threefold, which resulted in formation of 38.06±10.11 new plants per initial shoot for a period of 7 months. Three hundred and sixty plants were ex vitro adapted in a phytotron (88% surviving rate), then 16 plants from 4 selected clones were transferred to the ex situ collection and bloomed twice from the very first growing season (June and September). The number of the flower heads increased in the second year of field cultivation and an average of 328±138 capitula per plant were counted for the best clone. The first trials to establish a pilot plantation of pyrethrum are promising.

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Research Article Mon, 15 May 2023 20:00:08 +0300
Alterations in membrane stability after in vitro exposure of human erythrocytes to 2.41 GHz electromagnetic field https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/97616/ BioRisk 20: 83-96

DOI: 10.3897/biorisk.20.97616

Authors: Boyana Angelova, Gabriela Atanasova, Nikolay Atanasov, Momchil Paunov, Maria Gurmanova, Margarita Kouzmanova

Abstract: The growing use of wireless communication devices has been significantly increasing the level of high frequency electromagnetic fields (EMFs) in the environment, which raises a concern for possible deleterious effects on living organisms. Long lasting exposure to low-intensity EMFs can cause effects on the molecular and cellular level, and a number of morphological and physiological changes. The aim of this work was to investigate the effects of 2.41 GHz EMF emitted by wireless communication systems on human erythrocytes after in vitro irradiation. The amount of the hemoglobin released from the cells was measured as an indicator for membrane destabilization. Effects of different exposure times (20 min or 4 h) and time elapsed after exposure to 2.41 GHz pulsed or continuous EMFs with different intensities, emitted from a textile (0.213–0.238 V/m) or a dipole (5, 20, 40 and 180 V/m) antenna, were investigated. The obtained results showed that the low intensity EMF had no significant effect on the hemoglobin release from irradiated cells; even a slight tendency for membrane stabilization was noticed 3–4 hours after the end of 20-min exposure to 0.213–0.238 V/m, 2.41 GHz EMF. There was no difference in the effects of continuous and pulsed EMFs. Increased hemoglobin release was observed only during the 4-hour exposure to 180 V/m, 2.41 GHz continuous EMF. Under these conditions, the temperature of the cell suspension had been rising, so we compared the results obtained under EMF with the effects of conventional heating. Moreover, after 1-hour exposure to 180 V/m the released hemoglobin level was a bit higher than the control one but the difference disappears within an hour after terminating the irradiation. In conclusion, the in vitro exposure to 2.41 GHz EMF emitted by wireless communication devices with power density below the reference level for population exposure does not change the stability of the cell membrane of human erythrocytes.

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Research Article Mon, 15 May 2023 20:00:07 +0300
Occurrence of marine biotoxins on Bulgarian Black Sea coastal waters in 2021 https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/97557/ BioRisk 20: 71-81

DOI: 10.3897/biorisk.20.97557

Authors: Zlatina V. Peteva, Stanislava K. Georgieva, Bernd Knock, Thomas Max, Mona D. Stancheva, Simona Valkova

Abstract: Marine biotoxins are produced by certain phytoplankton species and used to accumulate in filter-feeding marine organisms. The occurrence of marine biotoxins in all aquatic environments and latitudes is variable in time and space. Thus, it is an essentially natural phenomenon, but the occurrence of toxigenic phytoplankton cannot be completely avoided or eliminated. A serious concern appears if these substances accumulate at high levels in seafood. If it is consumed by mammals including humans, severe illness of consumers of intoxicated seafood may result. The aim of this study is to assess the presence of marine biotoxins in plankton samples taken in 2021 and to compare the determined levels with a previous period. Plankton samples (n = 21) were collected in 2021 along the whole Bulgarian coastline (Black Sea). The presence of hydrophilic (domoic acid (DA)) and lipophilic toxins (okadaic acid, dinophysis toxin – 1, dinophysis toxin -2, azaspiracid-1, goniodomin A, pectenotoxin-2 (PTX2), yessotoxin, spirolide-1 and gymnodimine A) was investigated via liquid chromatography – tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Results indicated the presence of only DA in three samples and PTX2 in two samples. The positive samples were sporadically distributed throughout the study period. During 2016–2019, LC-MS/MS analysis confirmed the presence of DA, PTX2, YTX, SPX-1 and GDA in plankton net samples collected from the same locations reported here. The matching toxins (DA and PTX2) were at comparable levels in both periods of investigation, thus lower than in other European waters where harmful algal blooms are registered. These results show the persistent appearance of some marine biotoxins in Bulgarian waters. Although levels were low in the monitored periods, a constant monitoring is required in order that toxic events by seafood consumption be avoided.

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Research Article Mon, 15 May 2023 20:00:06 +0300
Evaluation of abundance of microplastics in the Bulgarian coastal waters https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/97555/ BioRisk 20: 59-69

DOI: 10.3897/biorisk.20.97555

Authors: Stanislava K. Georgieva, Zlatina V. Peteva, Mona D. Stancheva

Abstract: Plastic pollution in seawaters is ubiquitous, but quantitative estimates on the floating microplastics in the Black Sea are still limited. Plastics may adsorb persistent environmental contaminants, thus representing a potential risk for marine organisms. Aim: Thе aim of the study was evaluation of the presence and characteristics of microplastic particles (MPs) in waters from the Black Sea coast of Bulgaria. Materials and methods: Samples of coastal waters were collected from March 2021 to April 2022 from different stations on the Black Sea coast, including protected, aquaculture and industrial areas. In order to determine the number of plastic particles, 23 samples were collected from the surface waters at depth of 1–3 m close to the Bulgarian shore. Samples were treated with H2O2, plastic particles were isolated by density separation and filtered over a membrane filter. Identification analysis of micro particles (< 5 mm) was performed visually by microscopy. Main results: Results indicated widespread presence of microplastics in coastal waters. Mean MPs concentration was calculated 7.3 ± 4.9 pt/l. The comparison of the North, Varna and South sampling area showed that there is no significant difference in the abundance of plastic particles. The most dominant type forms were fibres followed by fragments. The most abundant size class of fragments was 101–500 μm Ferret diameter. Conclusion: Further studies are needed in order to fill knowledge gap and to evaluate distribution of plastic particles in the Black Sea and their potential ecological risk.

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Research Article Mon, 15 May 2023 20:00:05 +0300
Distribution of microbial abundance in long-term copper contaminated soils from Topolnitsa-Pirdop valley, Southern Bulgaria https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/97795/ BioRisk 20: 23-35

DOI: 10.3897/biorisk.20.97795

Authors: Michaella Petkova, Nadezhda Nankova, Viktoriya Kancheva, Silvena Boteva, Anelia Kenarova, Galina Radeva

Abstract: This study presents the distribution of bacterial and fungal abundances in long-term copper (Cu) contaminated soils in Topolnitsa-Pirdop valley – a highly industrialized zone with a number of mines and processing plants for copper and other non-ferrous metals. The bacterial (16S rRNA gene copies) and fungal (ITS rRNA gene copies) were estimated using quantitative PCR technique in five topsoils, differently Cu contaminated (ranging from 28.05 to 198.9 mg kg-1). Bacterial abundance varied in a range of 1.68 × 1011 to 3.24 × 101116S rRNA genes, whereas fungi amounted from 1.95 × 108 to 6.71 × 108 ITS rRNA genes. Fungal and bacterial abundances were significantly (fungi) and insignificantly (bacteria) influenced by Cu contamination. The fungal/bacterial ratio related negatively with soil Cu, which shifted microbial communities’ structure towards bacterial dominance. Since the ratio between bacteria and fungi are vital in explaining many soil functions, the calculated changes in this ratio indicated deterioration in soil quality, being of primary importance for plant production.

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Research Article Mon, 15 May 2023 20:00:03 +0300
The first evidence of microplastics in plant-formed fresh-water micro-ecosystems: Dipsacus teasel phytotelmata in Slovakia contaminated with MPs https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/87433/ BioRisk 18: 133-143

DOI: 10.3897/biorisk.18.87433

Authors: Katarína Fogašová, Peter Manko, Jozef Oboňa

Abstract: Tiny pieces of plastic, or microplastics, are one of the emerging pollutants in a wide range of different ecosystems. However, they have, thus far, not been confirmed from phytotelmata – specific small water-filled cavities provided by terrestrial plants. The authors confirmed microplastics (141 μm – 2.4 mm long fibres of several colour and blue and orange fragments with diameters of 9–81 μm) in quantities from 101 to 409 per ml in Dipsacus telmata from two different periods. The phytotelmata, therefore, appear to be possible indicators of current and future microplastic pollution of the environment. However, further research is needed to obtain accurate information and verify the methodology for possible assessment of the local environmental burden of microplastics.

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Short Communication Tue, 30 Aug 2022 09:38:17 +0300
A study of the microbiology of the intestinal tract in different species of Teleost fish from the Black Sea https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/80357/ BioRisk 18: 105-113

DOI: 10.3897/biorisk.18.80357

Authors: Sevginar Ibryamova, Stephany Toschkova, Borislava Pavlova, Elitca Stanachkova, Radoslav Ivanov, Nikolay Natchev, Nesho Chipev, Tsveteslava Ignatova-Ivanova

Abstract: This paper presents a study on the microbial status of different fish species and their habitats in the Bulgarian Black Sea area. The samples were collected in the period of January 2021 until March 2021. The fish species we used in this study were Black Sea turbot (Scophthalmus maximus), round goby (Neogobius melanostomus), shore rockling (Gaidropsarus mediterraneus) and European anchovy (Engraulis encrasicolus). The BIOLOG system was used for microbiological determination. From the different fish species, different species of microorganisms were isolated (using selective nutrient media). From the torbut, we isolated species Enterococcus villorum with 24 × 103 cells in 1 ml, Moraxella nonliquefaciens with 70 × 103 cells in 1 ml and Pseudomonas synxantha with 123 × 103 cells. Pseudomonas putida was isolated from the round goby with 20 × 103 cells in 1 ml. The species Streptococcus entericus with 123 × 103 cells in 1 ml was isolated from the shore rockling. Pseudomonas fulva with 60 × 103 cells in 1 ml was isolated from the European anchovy. A total of 223 × 103 cells in 1 ml of Pseudomonas agarici were isolated from Trachinus draco. Pseudomonas tolaasii with 145 × 103 cells in 1 ml were isolated from Merlangius merlangus. A different species of bacteria of the genus Pseudomonas was found for each of the investigated species of Black Sea fish. Apparently, the species Pseudomonas is characteristic of marine Teleostei and is important for the life and metabolism of these vertebrates. These microorganisms probably are resident species and developed not as result of pollution or environmental change.

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Data Paper Thu, 4 Aug 2022 11:55:28 +0300
Potential risk resulting from the influence of static magnetic field upon living organisms. Numerically simulated effects of the static magnetic field upon simple alkanols https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/76997/ BioRisk 18: 35-55

DOI: 10.3897/biorisk.18.76997

Authors: Wojciech Ciesielski, Tomasz Girek, Zdzisław Oszczęda, Jacek A. Soroka, Piotr Tomasik

Abstract: Background: Recognising effects of static magnetic field (SMF) of varying flux density on flora and fauna is attempted. For this purpose, the influence of static magnetic field upon molecules of lower alkanols i.e. methanol, ethanol, propan-1-ol, propan-2-ol, butan-1-ol, S-butan-2-ol, isobutanol and tert-butanol is studied. Methods: Computations of the effect of real SMF 0.0, 0.1, 1, 10 and 100 AFU (Arbitrary Field Unit; here 1AFU > 1000 T) flux density were performed in silico (computer vacuum), involving advanced computational methods. Results: SMF polarises molecules depending on applied flux density, but it neither ionises nor breaks valence bonds. Some irregularities in the changes of positive and negative charge densities and bond lengths provide evidence that molecules slightly change their initially fixed positions with respect to the force lines of the magnetic field. Length of some bonds and bond angles change with an increase in the applied flux density, providing, in some cases, polar interactions between atoms through space. Conclusions: Since SMF produced and increase in the negative charge density at the oxygen atom of the hydroxyl group and elongated the –O-H bond length, these results show that SMF facilitates metabolism of the alkanols.

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Research Article Mon, 6 Jun 2022 14:23:41 +0300
Potential risk resulting from the influence of static magnetic field upon living organisms. Numerically-simulated effects of the static magnetic field upon carbohydrates https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/77001/ BioRisk 18: 57-91

DOI: 10.3897/biorisk.18.77001

Authors: Wojciech Ciesielski, Tomasz Girek, Henryk Kołoczek, Zdzisław Oszczęda, Jacek A. Soroka, Piotr Tomasik

Abstract: Background: Recognising effects of static magnetic field (SMF) of varying flux density on flora and fauna is attempted. For this purpose, the influence of SMF upon molecules of α- and β-D-glucose, α- and β-D-galactose, α- and β-fructopyranoses, α- and β-fructofuranoses and α- and β-D-xylofuranoses and α and β-D-xylopyranoses is studied. Methods: Computations of the effect of static magnetic field (SMF) of 0.0, 0.1, 1, 10 and 100 AFU (1 AFU > 1000 T) flux density were performed in silico for SMF changes distribution of the electron density in these molecules. Hyper-Chem 8.0 software was used together with the AM1 method for optimisation of the conformation of the molecules of monosaccharides under study. Then polarisability, charge distribution, potential and dipole moment for molecules placed in SMF were calculated involving DFT 3-21G method. Results: Application of SMF induced polarisability of electrons, atoms and dipoles, the latter resulting in eventual re-orientation of the molecules along the applied field of the molecules and the electron density redistribution at particular atoms. Increase in the field strength generated mostly irregular changes of the electron densities at particular atoms of the molecules as well as polarisabilities. Energy of these molecules and their dipole moments also varied with the SMF flux density applied. Conclusions: Saccharides present in the living organisms may participate in the response of the living organisms to SMF affecting metabolism of the molecules in the body fluids by fitting molecules to the enzymes. Structural changes of saccharide components of the cell membranes can influence the membrane permeability.

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Research Article Mon, 6 Jun 2022 14:23:21 +0300
Studies on the Bulgarian members of the family Chenopodiaceae s. stricto: a review https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/78548/ BioRisk 18: 17-34

DOI: 10.3897/biorisk.18.78548

Authors: Vanya Stoyanova Boneva, Nadezhda Traycheva Petkova

Abstract: The Bulgarian members of Chenopodiaceae are mainly ruderal and weed species; another part are halophytes. Over the last two decades, phylogenetic molecular studies have led to a number of taxonomic changes in the above mentioned family. Changes have also occurred in one of the largest genera – Chenopodium. The aim of the present study is to review the research on Bulgarian members of the Chenopodiaceae family. The data available in the literature on the taxonomic composition, chorology, morphological features and karyological variability of the species from their Bulgarian populations has been studied. A review of the phytochemical studies of Chenopodiaceae plants from their Bulgarian populations has been made. The systematized data is presented in chronological order, which allows for tracing the current level of study on the family in Bulgaria and opportunities for new research.

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Review Article Wed, 27 Apr 2022 11:25:04 +0300
Relocation and formation of new local population of Viola pumila Chaix – an endangered species in Europe and identification of measures for improvement of its habitat https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/76114/ BioRisk 18: 1-16

DOI: 10.3897/biorisk.18.76114

Authors: Maria Zh. Kaschieva, Nikolay P. Nedyalkov

Abstract: The meadow violet (Viola pumila Chaix) is an endangered species which is regionally extinct in many European countries. This is a stenobiontic species with a very limited distribution in Bulgaria. Only a few populations have been detected, and they consist of several tens to several hundreds of specimens. The meadow violet has limited reproductive abilities and weak competitiveness. The species is exposed to various anthropogenic threats, as the most significant of them are related to ploughing, conversion of the mesophilic meadows into arable lands, changes in the water regime of the habitats, the expansion of highly competitive species from the group of tufted cereal grasses and infrastructure construction. To date, information concerning the relocation of rare and endangered plant species in Bulgaria is rather scarce. In the present study we provide a protocol on our activities during a successful establishment of a new locality as part of our effort to successfully relocate one particular population of the meadow violet. The observations made after the relocation of the species over a two-year period (2020 and 2021) provided data on the successful relocation, and the creation of a new locality for the species. We discuss the conservation measures needed for this rare and endangered species, and efforts to increase its population, as well as the measures needed for effective management of the habitats of V. pumila (mainly 6510 “Lowland hay meadows”).

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Research Article Wed, 27 Apr 2022 11:24:36 +0300
Pre-monitoring geochemical research of the river sediments in the area of Ada Tepe gold mining site (Eastern Rhodopes) https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/77466/ BioRisk 17: 379-387

DOI: 10.3897/biorisk.17.77466

Authors: Dimitar Zhelev, Rumen Penin

Abstract: The article depicts the geochemical properties of the landscapes in the Ada Tepe gold mine area before its launching. The research is conducted by examining the heavy metals (Cu, Pb, Zn, Co, Cr, Mn and Ni) content in samples of river sediments in the local landscapes. The research aims to analyse the concentration of heavy metals before the launch of gold mining. The study implements the coefficient of Clarke concentration. The deviation from the background concentrations is a ratio between the element concentration in the collected environmental samples and the Clarke value of the element. The coefficient has a scale from 0 to a particular positive value, corresponding to the level of enrichment of the sample in comparison to the background Clarke value. The values corresponding to the Clarke concentration are equal to 1, the lower values are between 0 and 1 (dispersion) and any value higher than 1 is a case of concentration (enrichment). The obtained results display the researched territory as a natural background area. The content of heavy metals in the river sediments of the researched area (mg/kg, median value) by chemical elements is Cu (15), Zn (72), Pb (17), Mn (461), Ni (35), Co (8) and Cr (60). That is the reason it could be defined as not impacted by human activities and it is not influenced by natural geochemical anomalies. Heavy metals do not pollute the researched landscapes before mining. This outcome is obtained by the geochemical content of the investigated heavy metals in the river sediments.

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Research Article Thu, 21 Apr 2022 19:00:34 +0300
Forests of Breznik municipality https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/77388/ BioRisk 17: 367-377

DOI: 10.3897/biorisk.17.77388

Authors: Borislav Grigorov, Nikolay Velev, Assen Assenov, Momchil Nazarov, Beloslava Genova, Kiril Vassilev

Abstract: The current study aims to uncover the forest habitat diversity of Breznik municipality, following the EUNIS Classification. Initial data was collected from the Ministry of Environment and Water and the Forestry Management Plans. Forest habitat polygons were spatially processed with the use of the ArcGIS 10.8.1 software package. Field studies were performed to add more detailed information to the analysis. The phytocoenoses of the forest habitats are dominated by Quercus dalechampii, Q. frainetto, Fagus sylvatica, Carpinus betulus. Some artificial plantations with Pinus nigra and P. sylvestris were also present, as well as with non-native species, such as Robinia pseudacacia and Quercus rubra. The results of this study could be used for more in-depth research of the Breznik municipality vegetation.

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Research Article Thu, 21 Apr 2022 19:00:33 +0300
Comparative determination of antimicrobial activity of the Balkan endemic species Stachys thracica Davidov during the process of ex situ conservation https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/77484/ BioRisk 17: 357-365

DOI: 10.3897/biorisk.17.77484

Authors: Desislava Mantovska, Detelina Petrova, Lybomira Yocheva, Zhenya Yordanova

Abstract: Stachys thracica Davidov – Thracian woundwort is a Balkan endemic plant included in The Red Data Book of Bulgaria with conservational status “rare”. The plants from genus Stachys have a long history of use to treat various diseases, inflammatory conditions, coughs, ulcers, genital tumors, and infected wounds. Due to its limited distribution the information on the biological activity and chemical composition of S. thracica is rather scarce. The aim of the present research is the comparative determination of the antimicrobial activity of methanolic extracts obtained from in situ wild, in vitro cultivated and ex vitro adapted S. thracica plants. The in vitro shoot culture of the Thracian woundwort was maintained in hormone-free MS medium under controlled environmental conditions. The methanolic extracts from in situ, in vitro cultivated and ex vitro adapted S. thracica plants were active mainly against Gram-negative bacteria. All three extracts showed equal activity against Acinetobacter calcoaceticus. The establishment of in vitro shoot culture and its subsequent adaptation in ex vitro conditions was an appropriate alternative approach for the ex situ conservation of S. thracica as well as for the study of its biological activity.

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Research Article Thu, 21 Apr 2022 19:00:32 +0300
Influence of some environmental factors on the distribution of zooplankton complexes in Mandra Reservoir, in Southeastern Bulgaria https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/77368/ BioRisk 17: 343-355

DOI: 10.3897/biorisk.17.77368

Authors: Eleonora Fikovska, Dimitar Kozuharov, Marieta Stanachkova

Abstract: The aim of the present study was to trace the influence of some environmental factors (w.temperature, wind, transparency, depth) on the distribution of zooplankton communities in the system Reservoir Mandra and the ecotone zones formed at the confluence of rivers Fakiyska, Sredetska, Izvorska and Rusokastrenska. Four samplings were performed at seven sites between February 2020 and January 2021. After determining the species composition and abundance, the results were subjected to structural analysis and Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA). A total of 67 taxa were identified, constituting about 48% of the Rotifera group, 27% of Cladocera and 19% of the Copepoda and only 6% from Protozoa. The Shannon-Weaver index for individual species diversity was between 2.37 and 0.62. The positive and negative correlation of zooplankton distribution in CCA shows that the relative abundance of any species depends on specific environmental variables. Analysis showed that temperature and wind had the strongest impact on the distribution of zooplankton.

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Research Article Thu, 21 Apr 2022 19:00:31 +0300
Pteromalid fauna (Hymenoptera, Pteromalidae) in oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) fields in Bulgaria – species composition and perspectives for biological control https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/77454/ BioRisk 17: 329-342

DOI: 10.3897/biorisk.17.77454

Authors: Ivaylo Todorov, Toshko Ljubomirov, Vlada Peneva

Abstract: Parasitoid wasps belonging to the family Pteromalidae are widespread and abundant members of the insect communities in the temperate regions of the world. As many other chalcids do, pteromalids serve as natural enemies of the pests in various crops and play an important role in the biological control of these harmful insects. Here we present the results of a field study in Bulgaria which was focused on the diversity of family Pteromalidae in ten oilseed rape fields. All samples were collected by sweep netting on the border line or inside the crop field. A total of 93 pteromalid specimens belonging to 26 taxa were gathered. The most abundant genus was Mesopolobus – 67% of the sampled pteromalids. The most numerous species in the samples was Mesopolobus morys – a well-known key parasitoid of the cabbage seed weevil, Ceutorhynchus obstrictus, in Europe. One species – Halticoptera patellana, is recorded for the first time in Bulgarian fauna. Clearfield oilseed rape fields had relatively higher parasitoid abundance and richness than the fields treated by conventional technology. In the present work we discuss the overall species composition of Pteromalidae obtained from the studied areas and present our point of view on the perspectives for biological control of oilseed rape pests.

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Research Article Thu, 21 Apr 2022 19:00:30 +0300
Monitoring bumblebee pollinator visits to the medicinal plant Gentiana asclepiadea L. (Gentianacese) – a comparison between the periods 1990–1994 and 2017–2020 https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/76577/ BioRisk 17: 317-327

DOI: 10.3897/biorisk.17.76577

Authors: Ekaterina Kozuharova, Vasil Simeonov

Abstract: Ever increasing data continue to indicate the decline of bumblebee populations. The key factors causing declines in their abundance and diversity are: 1) habitat destruction, 2) loss of floral resources, 3) emerging diseases, 4) increased use of pesticides (particularly neonicotinoids). The aim of this study is to monitor bumblebee visits to Gentiana asclepiadea L, recording pollinator species, and taking measurements of seed set. This plant species is chosen for two reasons: 1) similar data is available from our previous research in the 1990’s and 2) this montane plant species is supposed to be less exposed to hazards from pesticides and habitat destruction. Three study sites were chosen in Mt. Vitosha (SW Bulgaria) where natural populations of G. asclepiadea occur in 1990. The observations of bumblebee activity in the flowers of G. asclepiadea were conducted during the flowering seasons (August and September) of 2017 – 2020 at the same study sites and compared to the data obtained in the previous period (1990–1994). The free pollination fruit set was tested by monitoring of 100 G. asclepiadea flowers each year for development of fruit capsules. The seed set was tested by counting the matured seeds and non-fertilised ovules of 10 fruit capsules each year. A slight decline in bumblebee activity was recorded in 2017 – 2020 in comparison to 1990–1994. This is reflected in the fruit set and the seed set. Our data demonstrates that even in a mountain habitat, where there are fewer direct hazards to bumblebees, that pollination effectiveness has been suppressed over time. This corresponds to a research study which provides evidence that insect biomass fell by 76% in German nature reserves between 1989 and 2016.

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Research Article Thu, 21 Apr 2022 19:00:29 +0300
Plant products with acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity for insect control https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/77052/ BioRisk 17: 309-315

DOI: 10.3897/biorisk.17.77052

Authors: Borislav Georgiev, Milena Nikolova, Ina Aneva, Anatoli Dzhurmanski, Boriana Sidjimova, Strahil Berkov

Abstract: Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors are widely used in Alzheimer’s treatment, but they are also crucial for their action on organophosphorus insecticides. The latter exert their toxicity by inhibiting the AChE enzyme in insects, leading to their death. Amaryllidaceae alkaloids have been proven to be potent AChE inhibitors. In the present study methanolic extracts and essential oils being obtained from species of Asteraceae, Lamiaceae, Brassicaceae and Amaryllidaceae were evaluated in vitro for AChE inhibitory activity. Ellman’s colourimetric method, with modifications, was used for AChE activity evaluation. According to the activity level, the tested plant products were divided into three categories. First: plant products with strong activity comparable to that of galanthamine; second: plant products with medium activity, with IC50 value about 1 mg/ml and the last group with low activity, with IC50 value greater than 1 mg/ml. Essential oils of Origanum vulgare subsp. hirtum Ietswaart., Satureja pilosa Vel., Monarda fistulosa L., Thymus longedentatus (Degen & Urum.) Ronniger and the methanolic extract of Leucojum aestivum L. showed the most potent activity and were referred to as the first group. Carvacrol was identified as the main component of the most active essential oils. In L. aestivum extract, galanthamine was found as the main alkaloid. The obtained results indicate that essential oils and alkaloid-rich plant extracts possess the strongest AChE inhibitory activity. This gives us a reason to recommend these plant products to be tested for insecticidal activity in the future.

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Research Article Thu, 21 Apr 2022 19:00:28 +0300
Pollinators of Lavandula angustifolia Mill., an important factor for optimal production of lavender essential oil https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/77364/ BioRisk 17: 297-307

DOI: 10.3897/biorisk.17.77364

Authors: Hristo Valchev, Zdravko Kolev, Bilyana Stoykova, Ekaterina Kozuharova

Abstract: Lavender essential oil is widely used in pharmacy, perfumery and the food industry. It is one of the key essential oils in aromatherapy due to its valuable pharmacological properties. The producers of lavender essential oil are well aware that the greatest quantity of oil is obtained near the end of the inflorescence anthesis and that oil quantity is correlated with the pollination as unpollinated flowers drop down. In addition, it has been demonstrated that oil quality is also highest at the end of the flowering period, related to the gradual increase of monoterpenes (particularly the valuable linalool) and the decrease of sesquiterpenes during flower ontogenesis. The aim of this preliminary study was to measure the occurrence of spontaneous self-pollination in Lavandula angustifolia Mill. and to identify external pollinators. The field experiments were performed in a lavender plantation near Gorna Lipnitza Village, north Bulgaria and in the ex-situ lavender collection in the experimental plot of the Botanical Garden of Sofia University. It was revealed that spontaneous self-pollination did not occur in flowers from which external pollinators had been excluded. Exposed flowers were pollinated by polylectic insects, such as honeybees, several species of bumblebees and butterflies. Wild pollinators (particularly bumblebees) dominated over honeybees at both study sites. Our observations showed that all pollinators actively collected nectar. The pollen baskets of most bees were full, indicating the active consolidation of pollen adhering to the pollinators’ bodies. Although lavender growers tend to place beehives in the fields for optimal essential oil production, it is also crucial to conserve wild pollinators.

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Research Article Thu, 21 Apr 2022 19:00:27 +0300
Evaluation of viral infection levels in intensive and organic poultry farming https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/77398/ BioRisk 17: 287-296

DOI: 10.3897/biorisk.17.77398

Authors: Plamen M. Kirov, Radostina I. Alexandrova

Abstract: Whereas early organic farming was mainly focused on plant production, in the last decade, the number of organically-managed poultry farms within the European Union has increased significantly. Similar to organic crop production, organic animal farming is based on the same principles: welfare-friendly, sustainable production and resource utilisation without or with very little addition of synthetic substances, such as antibiotics and antiparasitic treatments. These practices, as well as the access to wild animals, make the free-range poultry production systems predisposed to different viral diseases and, thus, associated with potentially higher public health risks or reduction in production quality. On the other hand, intensive farming amplifies the impact of viral diseases due to high density, low genetic diversity and elevated immunodeficiency. The aim of this analytical study is to compare free-range with intensive poultry systems and the occurrence of different viral diseases in these types of farms in the EU over the past decade. The research is based on official data from the statistical office of the European Union, as well as official data from the Member countries. The results were similar in each country and demonstrate that free-range production has a higher incidence of viral diseases with high zoonotical potential. This makes year-round surveillance absolutely necessary, as well as the need for implementation of additional criteria and requirements towards free-range systems.

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Research Article Thu, 21 Apr 2022 19:00:26 +0300
Organic vs conventional farming of oil-bearing rose: Effect on essential oil and antioxidant activity https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/77488/ BioRisk 17: 271-285

DOI: 10.3897/biorisk.17.77488

Authors: Mima Todorova, Ana Dobreva, Nadezhda Petkova, Neli Grozeva, Mariya Gerdzhikova, Petya Veleva

Abstract: The aim of this study was to establish whether the type of the agricultural system has any influence on the essential oil production and antioxidant activity of industrial cultivated Rosa damascena Mill. in the Rose valley, Bulgaria. Six private farms from Kazanlak (Rose) Valley, Southern Bulgaria were included in the study conducted in the period 2019–2020. The first three selected farms are designated within the conventional farming and the other three are certificated as organic farms. GC/FID and GC/MS analyses were performed; the contents of total polyphenols and flavonoids in the methanol extracts from rose petals were determined. Additionally, the antioxidant activity of rose extracts was evaluated by four reliable methods: 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2´-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), and cupric reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC) assays. The impact of the agricultural system on the essential oil composition and antioxidant activity was evaluated by ANOVA statistical analysis. The results obtained showed that organic farming produced essential oil with a higher linalool and geraniol content and lower β-citronellol + nerol concentrations than conventional farming. It was found that organic farming production demonstrated a better antioxidant activity evaluated by the three DPPH, ABTS, and CUPRAC methods according to the averaged data for two years, 806.82, 797.66 and 1534.40 mM TE/g dw versus 510.34, 521.94 and 917.48 mM TE/g dw for CF, respectively, with high statistical significance for the DPPH and ABTS analyses. Consequentially, the rose extracts from the organic farming accumulated more phenolic compounds that corresponded to the higher antioxidant potential of the organic roses.

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Research Article Thu, 21 Apr 2022 19:00:25 +0300
Seasonal variations of the microflora of wedge clam Donax trunculus (Linnaeus, 1758) from the region of Arkutino (Bulgarian Black Sea aquatory) https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/77097/ BioRisk 17: 253-262

DOI: 10.3897/biorisk.17.77097

Authors: Sevginar Ibryamova, Borislava Pavlova, Elitca Stanachkova, Seniha Salim, Aysel Lyatif, Dimitar Dimitrov, Darina Bachvarova, Nesho Chipev, Nikolay Natchev, Tsveteslava Ignatova-Ivanova

Abstract: The main goal of the present study was to investigate the impact of the state of the environment on the microbiota of the wedge clam Donax trunculus (Linnaeus, 1758) from the region of Arkutino (Bulgarian Black Sea aquatory). The species Enterococcus hirae was isolated during the summer (from May to August). The species P. mendocina prefers the warmer months and the species P. alcaligenes the colder ones. The temperature followed a course of decrease during the period September 2020 to January 2021, followed by a slow increase from February 2021. Comparing May 2020 with May 2021, it became evident that in 2021 the temperature was 1.5 °C lower. We can say that the number of the species P. alcaligenes was twice as high in May 2021. It is likely that this species preferred lower optimum temperatures and constant other parameters. For the species Enterococcus hirae such dependence was not observed - the number remained constant in May, but with increasing temperature the number of microorganisms decreased during the summer months. The species seemed to preferably develop at pH 7.78. The species A. gyllenbergii preferably grows at temperatures between 20.3–25.7 °C and the optimal temperature was 25.7 °C. For C. farmeri the optimum conditions were temperature 26.2 °C and pH 7.3. The species E. vulneris was probably related not only to the increase in water temperature, but also to the anthropogenic factor, as it was found only in July.

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Data Paper Thu, 21 Apr 2022 19:00:23 +0300
Seasonal changes in the pro/antioxidant status of mussels Mytilus galloprovincialis (Lamarck, 1819) from Bulgarian Black Sea coastal habitats https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/77279/ BioRisk 17: 241-251

DOI: 10.3897/biorisk.17.77279

Authors: Elina Tsvetanova, Almira Georgieva, Nesho Chipev, Albena Alexandrova

Abstract: The pro/antioxidant status of marine macrozoobentic organisms is being increasingly applied in environmental monitoring and conservation programs. The oxidative stress level in marine bivalves can provide valuable information not only on the health of the organisms and their populations, but also on the current state of habitats and ecosystems. The aim of the present study was to make the first comprehensive investigation of the seasonal changes in the antioxidant activity in different organs (gills, digestive gland and foot) of M. galloprovincialis from representative Bulgarian Black Sea coastal habitats. The lipid peroxidation and glutathione levels, as well as activities of the antioxidant enzymes catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathion peroxidase, glutathion reductase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and glutathione-S-transferase of the organs were measured spectrophotometrically. Our hypothesis was that enhanced environmental pressure during the summer season, induced by multiple factors (biogenic, abiogenic and anthropogenic) led to weakening of the antioxidant protection in mussels at the beginning of autumn. The reaction of the mussel organism to the multiple stress factors was specific for the target organ and the type of the biomarker. Significant differences were present in the activity of the antioxidant system in mussels from the northern and southern coastal locations. The seasonal changes in the pro/antioxidant status of mussels were primarily due to specific seasonal changes in factors concerning the marine environment at the concrete locality. Further research is obviously needed to confirm the present results and provide a more complete data of seasonal and spatial changes in the antioxidant defense system of mussels from the Bulgarian Black Sea coastal area and their implementation in biomonitoring programs.

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Research Article Thu, 21 Apr 2022 19:00:22 +0300
Influence of proline and methyl jasmonate priming on in vitro seed germination and seedling development of Chelidonium majus L https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/77465/ BioRisk 17: 227-240

DOI: 10.3897/biorisk.17.77465

Authors: Iva Doycheva

Abstract: Drought, salinization and heavy metal pollution of soils are main stress factors with an increasing impact on the deterioration of soil quality, yield and crop quality. Seed priming shows good results in improving seed germination, seedling growth and plant development. Proline (Pro) and metyl jasmonate (MeJA) show stimulating activity and help plants overcome stress. The study investigated the effect of Pro, MeJA and hydropriming on seeds sown on water agar supplemented with different concentrations of heavy metals (Cd, Pb, Zn) (HM), NaCl or Polyethylene glycol 6000 (PEG 6000). Chelidonium majus is a medicinal species which is grown as a crop in some parts of Europe. It is an ingredient in some remedies and is becoming an increasingly popular object of research regarding its biological activities. The low concentrations of all heavy metals applied increased the germination of all variants of seeds – control, hydroprimed and those which were Pro and MeJA primed. Seed priming with Pro and MeJA promoted high germination percentage of seeds germinated on water agar with NaCl. PEG 6000 at its higher concentration (5%) slightly increased the seed germination of all variants. The growth of roots and hypocotyls was inhibited by HM and NaCl. However, PEG 6000 slightly influenced their growth.

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Research Article Thu, 21 Apr 2022 19:00:21 +0300
State of the antioxidant defense system in wedge clams from Bulgarian Black Sea as a measure of resistance to environmental impacts https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/77384/ BioRisk 17: 169-178

DOI: 10.3897/biorisk.17.77384

Authors: Almira Georgieva, Elina Tsvetanova, Nesho Chipev, Albena Alexandrova

Abstract: Pollution and climate change can induce oxidative stress (OS) in aquatic organisms. Reduced activity or incoordination between antioxidant enzymes in marine bivalves may cause cellular impairment with effects on higher levels of ecological organization. The present study aims to assess the condition factor and the activity of antioxidant enzymes catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), and glutathione concentration (GSH) in soft tissues of Donax trunculus (Linnaeus, 1758) as indicators of the state of marine ecosystems along the Bulgarian Black Sea coast. The wedge clams were sampled manually from different localities in June and in September. The activity of antioxidant enzymes and GSH concentrations varied both seasonally and among localities. Higher values of GSH, SOD and GPx were registered in wedge clams collected in autumn compared to those collected in summer. In wedge clams higher activity of the major phase II detoxification enzyme GST was observed in summer at localities with intensive tourism, suggesting an activation of the cell detoxification processes, presumably in response to increased environmental pressure. In conclusion, the observed presence of elevated enzyme activities suggested activation of the antioxidant protection system of the wedge clams in response to environmental pressure, indicating their ability to cope with induced OS and adapt to local conditions, and thus maintain ecosystem health.

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Research Article Thu, 21 Apr 2022 19:00:16 +0300
Comparative study on the oxidative stress of commercially important fish species from localities with different ecological conditions along the Bulgarian Black Sea coast https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/77300/ BioRisk 17: 117-126

DOI: 10.3897/biorisk.17.77300

Authors: Albena Alexandrova, Yordan Raev, Dimitar Dimitrov, Nesho Chipev, Elina Tsvetanova, Almira Georgieva, Violin Raykov

Abstract: The aim of the present study was to perform a pilot assessment and analysis of the oxidative stress (OS) level in four commercially important fish species (round goby, red mullet, sprat and horse mackerel) from different localities of the Bulgarian Black Sea coast. The fish were sampled during trawl selectivity experiments. The OS level in the fish was assessed by measuring lipid peroxidation (LPO), glutathione concentration (GSH), activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST), as well as acetylcholine esterase (AChE) in gills and liver. Round goby and red mullet caught in the Nessebar Bay showed clear signs of OS with the highest levels of LPO and GST activities, accompanied by the lowest AChE activities in both liver and gills. On the contrary, round goby caught near Maslen Nos (a region with good ecological conditions) were least affected by OS with low LPO and high GSH concentrations and SOD activity. There were no significant differences in the OS bioindicators of horse mackerel from the different localities. Sprat caught in Nessebar Bay, compared to those caught from the other localities, showed presence of OS indicated by lower GSH levels and relatively higher CAT, GPx and GST activities, accompanied by low AChE activity in gills. It can be concluded that round goby and red mullet were more vulnerable to OS induced by marine environmental factors than the horse mackerel and sprat. However, their antioxidant defense system allows them to tolerate and adapt to the environment of their habitats. Further studies are needed for the assessment of OS in important fish species in the Bulgarian part of the Black Sea.

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Research Article Thu, 21 Apr 2022 19:00:11 +0300
Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast cells as a test system for assessing Zeocin toxicity https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/77227/ BioRisk 17: 105-116

DOI: 10.3897/biorisk.17.77227

Authors: Polya Marinovska, Teodora Todorova, Anna Tomova, Emiliya Pisareva, Krassimir Boyadzhiev, Martin Dimitrov, Petya Parvanova, Maria Dimitrova, Stephka Chankova, Ventsislava Petrova

Abstract: Having unique genetic machinery and a high degree of conservation with higher eukaryotes, the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is recognised as a smart experimental system for studying the modes of chemical toxicity. The present study was undertaken to elucidate the changes in the intracellular redox homeostasis and key macromolecule structure following exposure to Zeocin. Cell populations of logarithmic, quiescent (Q) and non-quiescent (NQ) cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae BY4741 were used as a model to examine the cytotoxic effect of this radiomimetic. The levels of endogenous ROS, oxidized lipids, carbonylated proteins, and glutathione were analysed after treatment with Zeocin (IC50). An increase in ROS production and respectively increased oxidative stress was detected in all three types of cell populations, with the highest degree being observed in proliferating S. cerevisiae BY4741 cells. The stress response of both proliferating and stationary phase (Q and NQ) cells to Zeocin included an overexpression of glutathione. The quiescent cells also showed very low DNA susceptibility to high Zeocin concentration (100–300 µg/ml), presented as no induced double-strand breaks (DSBs) in the macromolecule. Based on our research it could be concluded that the cellular physiological state is a critical factor determining the resistance to environmental stress with Q cells being the most robust.

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Research Article Thu, 21 Apr 2022 19:00:10 +0300
Assessment of PAHs accumulation in Donax trunculus (Linnaeus, 1758) (Bivalvia, Donacidae) from the Bulgarian Black Sea Coast https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/77343/ BioRisk 17: 95-104

DOI: 10.3897/biorisk.17.77343

Authors: Stanislava K. Georgieva, Mona D. Stancheva, Zlatina V. Peteva, Tsveteslava I. Ivanova, Albena V. Alexandrova

Abstract: Anthropogenic pollution of marine ecosystems is one of the main sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Marine bivalves are often used as bioindicators of environmental pollution due to their wide distribution and capability of xenobiotic bioaccumulation. The aim of the present study was to assess the presence of PAHs in soft tissues of wedge clams Donax trunculus (Linnaeus, 1758), collected from sublittoral sandy habitats at different locations off the Bulgarian Black Sea coast. Wedge clams from the different locations showed variations in the content of accumulated PAHs’ compounds. The concentrations of PAHs were measured by gas chromatography system with mass spectrometry detection. The total PAHs content (sum of 13 PAHs’ compounds) measured was in the range from 5.59 to 50.50 ng/g wet weight and was comparable with other European studies. The compounds phenanthrene and fluorene were most abundant in all analyzed samples. The results showed that low molecular weight (LMW) PAHs (2 and 3 aromatic rings) were predominant, accounting for 91% of the total PAHs levels, while high molecular weight (HMW) PAHs (4–5- and 6- rings) presence was 8.9% on average. The ratio LMW/HMW PAHs was higher than one, suggesting predominant pollution of petrogenic origin. The concentrations of benzo (a)pyrene did not exceed the limit set in EC Regulation although it was detected in 20% of the analyzed samples. In conclusion, maximum overall PAHs content was found in clams from Arkutino, while minimum PAHs content was present in samples from Elenite. The Sum PAH4 (sum of four polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: benzo[a]pyrene, chrisene, benzo[a]anthracene, and benzo[b]fluoranthene) in the wedge clams for all localities studied was below legislation limits. Data from the present research can be used for assessing pollution levels in the marine environment and also risk of human exposure to PAHs using D. trunculus as bioindicator species.

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Research Article Thu, 21 Apr 2022 19:00:09 +0300
Heavy metal stress response of microalgal strains Arthronema africanum and Coelastrella sp. BGV https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/77483/ BioRisk 17: 83-94

DOI: 10.3897/biorisk.17.77483

Authors: Zornitsa Karcheva, Zhaneta Georgieva, Alexander Tomov, Detelina Petrova, Miroslava Zhiponova, Ivanina Vasileva, Ganka Chaneva

Abstract: The present study compared the stress response of two microalgal strains – Arthronema africanum (Cyanoprokaryota) and Coelastrella sp. BGV (Chlorophyta), after heavy metals’ treatment. Changes of algal growth, pigment and protein content were analyzed after adding Cu, Cd and Pb (50 µM and 100 µM) to the nutrition medium. It was found that Cd and Pb significantly inhibited growth and protein biosynthesis of microalgae, but the effect of Cu remained less pronounced. In both strains, a decrease of chlorophyll content was observed, while carotenoid content markedly increased, especially in Coelastrella sp. BGV biomass. The addition of 100 µM Cd and 100 µM Pb to the medium caused a strong enhancement of malondialdehyde in both microalgal strains, which corresponded to the significant increase of superoxide dismutase and catalase activity. The antioxidant enzymes appeared to be differently altered by heavy metals’ exposure. The activity of SOD in the Arthronema africanum cells was most strongly affected by Cd, in contrast to Coelastrella sp. BGV that was highly increased by 100 µM Pb. The application of 100 µM Cd and 100 µM Pb increased in a similar manner catalase activity in both microalgae. The strains that were studied showed a high absorption capacity for metal ions, especially for Pb, which was absorbed largely than Cd and Cu. For that reason, we assumed that both microalga and, in particular, Coelastrella sp. BGV, could be successfully used for treatment of contaminated water bodies.

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Research Article Thu, 21 Apr 2022 19:00:08 +0300
Trace metal accumulation in tissues of wedge clams from sandy habitats of the Bulgarian Black Sea coast https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/77290/ BioRisk 17: 73-81

DOI: 10.3897/biorisk.17.77290

Authors: Darina Bachvarova, Mona Stancheva, Tsveteslava Ignatova-Ivanova, Sevginar Ibryamova, Nesho Chipev, Albena Alexandrova

Abstract: The aim of the present study was to carry out an initial screening of trace metals bioaccumulation in soft tissues of the wedge clam (Donax trunculus Linnaeus, 1758) from different localities of the Bulgarian Black Sea coastal area and to evaluate the bioindicator potential of this species. Wedge clams were collected in June and September 2020 from sublittoral sandy habitats at different localities of the Bulgarian Black Sea coast. Soft tissues of individual clams were digested with nitric acid followed by ICP-OES analytical determination. The content of trace metals in the wedge clams differed significantly amongst localities. Higher metal content was present in wedge clams from Sveti Vlas, Shkorpilovtsi, Slanchev Bryag, Ahtopol and Kranevo. The highest values of lead (Pb) (2.51 mg/kg) and cadmium (Cd) (0.32 mg/kg) were found in samples from Sveti Vlas and the highest concentration of copper (Cu) (34.12 mg/kg), iron (Fe) (269.52 mg/kg) and nickel (Ni) (0.32 mg/kg) were detected in wedge clams from Shkorpilovtzi. Maximum content of chromium (Cr) (0.58 mg/kg) was present in samples from Slanchev Bryag, together with high values of Fe. The highest concentration of zinc (Zn) (18.04 mg/kg) together with high values of Cr and Fe were measured in wedge clams from Irakli. In conclusion, the wedge clams from the localities known to have higher coastal inflows and touristic pressures, i.e. Varna, Shkorpilovtzi, Sveti Vlas, Slanchev Bryag and Ahtopol accumulated significantly higher metal elements in their tissues. Only few significant seasonal differences in the concentration of metal elements in wedge clams were present and the observed seasonal variations were probably connected to the hydrological parameters of the ecosystems. The wedge clam D. trunculus is a suitable bioindicator for assessment and monitoring of metal pollution in the Bulgarian Black Sea environment.

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Research Article Thu, 21 Apr 2022 19:00:07 +0300
Environmental impact assessment of discharge of treated wastewater effluent in Upper Iskar sub-catchment https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/77381/ BioRisk 17: 59-71

DOI: 10.3897/biorisk.17.77381

Authors: Veronika Yordanova, Yovana Todorova, Mihaela Belouhova, Lyubomir Kenderov, Valentina Lyubomirova, Yana Topalova

Abstract: The upper Iskar sub-catchment is one of Bulgaria’s most important economic and socially significant water sources because of its role in supplying Sofia with drinking water. Among the critical factors that carry potential high-risk levels for water quality in this hydrosystem are the discharge from the Samokov Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP), diffuse pollution from agriculture, and the percolation of untreated sewage from the small villages. In this study, we assessed the effect of treated wastewater effluent on water quality, and on the ecological state and microbial communities in the river sector of Samokov’s WWTP discharge area. The assessment was based on the complex use of chemical and microbiological indicators and biological quality elements. The concentrations of organics, nutrients and microcomponents were determined with results confirming the expected increase for parameters associated with the discharge of urban wastewater. The ecological state, according to macrozoobenthos indicators, was “good” throughout the river sector but local deterioration was registered in a proximal location downstream of the WWTP outfall. The analysis of stream water and bed sediment microbial communities by a fluorescent technique showed the high metabolic activity and intensive transformation processes in addition to high abundance registered with standard cultivation methods. The importance of the studied sub-catchment for the functioning of the urban water cycle, and for the quality of Sofia’s drinking water, underlines the need to extend an existing monitoring program with a more detailed assessment of the environmental impact of wastewater discharge.

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Research Article Thu, 21 Apr 2022 19:00:06 +0300
Differences in bacterial functional profiles from loamy sand and clay loam textured soils under fungicide QuadrisR impact https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/76939/ BioRisk 17: 31-43

DOI: 10.3897/biorisk.17.76939

Authors: Michaella Petkova, Anelia Kenarova, Silvena Boteva, Stela Georgieva, Christo Chanev, Galina Radeva

Abstract: The non-target effect of the fungicide QuadrisR on the bacterial community from grassland loamy sand (LS) and cropland clay loam (CL) soils with unknown history of fungicide usage was investigated. QuadrisR was applied to soil mesocosms at 0.0 mg kg-1 (Az0), 2.90 mg kg-1 (Az1), 14.65 mg kg-1 (Az2) and 35.0 mg kg-1 (Az3) calculated towards the active ingredient azoxystrobin (Az). Response of bacterial communities to QuadrisR was investigated during a 120-day incubation experiment, evaluating the shifts in bacterial catabolic profiles by the community-level physiological profiling (CLPP) technique and Biolog EcoPlatesTM method. QuadrisR decreased the overall catabolic activity (AWCD) of soil bacterial communities and the rate of decrease was independent of soil type and fungicide concentration. Fungicide affected negatively the utilisation of amines and positively that of amino acids in both soil types, whereas the effects on other carbon guilds (carbohydrates, carboxylic acids and polymers) corresponded closely to the respective soil type and fungicide concentration. Results indicated the presence of non-target effects of QuadrisR on bacterial functioning; hence, it is important to address the fungicide side-effects on soil health.

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Research Article Thu, 21 Apr 2022 19:00:04 +0300
Correlation between bacterial abundance, soil properties and heavy metal contamination in the area of non-ferrous metal processing plant, Southern Bulgaria https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/77458/ BioRisk 17: 19-30

DOI: 10.3897/biorisk.17.77458

Authors: Radina Nikolova, Michaella Petkova, Nikolai Dinev, Anelia Kenarova, Silvena Boteva, Dimitar Berov, Galina Radeva

Abstract: In the present study, the correlation between bacterial abundance and soil physicochemical properties along the heavy metal contamination gradient in the area of non-ferrous metal processing plant was assessed. Our results showed that bacterial abundance (number of heterotrophic bacteria and number of 16S rRNA gene copies) decreased with 45–56% (CFU) and 54–87% (16S rRNA gene) along the Zn, Pb and Cd contamination gradient. The total bacterial abundance (16S rRNA gene) increased exponentially in contrast to the abundance of heterotrophic bacteria. The reduction of bacterial abundance in heavily contaminated soil indicated that the soil properties (soil pH, total organic carbon, inorganic ions, soil texture) could modify the effects of heavy metals and the response of microorganisms to that stress in long-term contaminated soils.

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Research Article Thu, 21 Apr 2022 19:00:03 +0300
Citizen scientists significantly improve our knowledge on the non-native longhorn beetle Chlorophorus annularis (Fabricius, 1787) (Coleoptera, Cerambycidae) in Europe https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/61099/ BioRisk 16: 1-13

DOI: 10.3897/biorisk.16.61099

Authors: Matthias Seidel, Maren Lüttke, Christian Cocquempot, Katy Potts, Wil J. Heeney, Martin Husemann

Abstract: The Asian bamboo borer Chlorophorus annularis is a beetle species that has been introduced in many countries globally. Originating in Southeast Asia, it can now be found in the Americas, South Africa, the Middle East, Australasia and Europe. The literature record of the species in Europe consists of findings of single individuals usually associated with imported bamboo products. A general European effort in surveying C. annularis was never undertaken, since the overall scientific consensus was that the species cannot establish here. Yet, recent records in Genk, Torhout (Belgium) and in Hamburg (Germany) do not seem directly associated with a recently imported product and hence may indicate otherwise. Such a shortfall in recording commonly imported, potentially invasive species may be counteracted through citizen science initiatives, allowing for continuous, high density monitoring. In this paper we present thirteen new records of the species from five European countries, including two new country records, mostly going back to interested citizen scientists.

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Research Article Tue, 9 Mar 2021 16:44:00 +0200
Selection of non-target Lepidoptera species to test Bt maize effects in the laboratory: which species and how to breed them? https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/59823/ BioRisk 15: 45-65

DOI: 10.3897/biorisk.15.59823

Authors: Andreas Lang, Matthias Dolek, Marina S. Lee, Anja Freese-Hager, Mathias Otto

Abstract: Bt maize targeting Lepidopteran pests poses potential risks for non-target (NT) butterflies and moths which are addressed in the environmental risk assessment of genetically modified crop plants. For this purpose, eco-toxicological tests are often conducted with specific NT species in the laboratory in order to assess possible adverse effects. As only a limited number of surrogate species can be addressed, the choice of focal species to be tested is an important decision. However, practical and standardised selection procedures have hardly been developed and applied for NT Lepidoptera, so far. Here, we present a transparent and systematic selection process of suitable test species for Germany, involving selection criteria such as exposure to Bt maize, habitat range and laboratory maintenance of the species. As a result, we compiled a list of 15 lepidopteran species particularly appropriate for testing the adverse effects of Bt maize in the laboratory. In addition, we collected and reviewed published reports for breeding methods of Lepidoptera, which provides essential information on maintaining lab stocks of NT Lepidoptera. The presented selection procedure allows focusing on the relevant test species in a transparent and reproducible way, and supplies the breeding knowledge required to breed and maintain them, which will be of great utility for the future assessment on possible risks of Bt maize cultivation to non-target Lepidoptera.

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Research Article Tue, 29 Dec 2020 10:26:59 +0200
Impact of hydromorphological pressures on the macrophytes bioindicators of the ecological water quality in Mediterranean rivers https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/30319/ BioRisk 14: 1-14

DOI: 10.3897/biorisk.14.30319

Authors: Maissour Abdellah, Benamar Saad

Abstract: One of the important tools to evaluate the ecological quality of surface water is the Macrophytes indices based on the bioindication capacity of aquatic plants. In Mediterranean rivers (France, Spain, and Portugal), the development of some macrophytes indices like l’Indice Biologique Macrophytes Rivières (IBMR), the biological metric score (BMS), as well as the Fluvial Macrophyte Index (IMF) are founded on the determination of the indicator values of the floristic reference lists. The aim of this study was to test the impact of the eco-Mediterranean differences (from one country to another) on the indicator taxa by comparing the indicator values of the Euro‐ Mediterranean macrophyte indices. With this in mind, we explore the possibility of the introduction of the Euro‐Mediterranean macrophytes-based indices in Morocco (i.e. the hydrological basin of Sebou (HBS)) as a part of a preliminary attempt to develop the first Afro-Mediterranean macrophyte index. We confirm that the ecological amplitude and species optima vary between Mediterranean ecoregions, and indicator taxa differ between countries: There are medium to small correlations between Mediterranean indices: IBMR/BMS (p = 0.000, R2 = 0.57), IMF/BMS (p = 0.000, R2 = 0.34), and IBMR/IMF (p = 0.000, R2 = 0.30). Five species exhibit major differences in indicator values: Zannichellia palustris and Potamogeton pectinatus have more eutrophic indicator values in France (IBMR) than in Spain (IMF). Potamogeton nodosus, Amblystegium riparium and Lycopus europaeus have broader ecological amplitudes in Portugal (BMS) than in France (IBMR) and in Spain (IMF), where it is restricted to eutrophic conditions. Furthermore, the three indicator systems include different indicator-taxon numbers. The comparison of the HBS elaborated list with the Euro‐Mediterranean indices revealed the low level of common taxa approximately 6.76% of all indicator species used in the French index (IBMR), 10.48% in the Portuguese index (IMF) and 12.38% in the Spanish index (BMS). These results show the inadequacy of the trophic indices approach with the HBS conditions and thus the need for the development of an index based on biotic indices approach.

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Research Article Thu, 9 May 2019 10:42:55 +0300
Spatial analysis of the occurrence of protected butterflies in six European biogeographic regions as a tool for the environmental risk assessment of Bt maize https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/20688/ BioRisk 13: 31-52

DOI: 10.3897/biorisk.13.20688

Authors: Dolezel Marion, Bartel Andreas, Heissenberger Andreas

Abstract: In the environmental risk assessment (ERA) of genetically modified plants (GMP), the consideration of the different environments where genetically modified plants (GMP) will be commercially grown (the receiving environments) plays a crucial role. In addition, relevant protection goals which may be adversely affected by the GMP have to be considered during the ERA. Using a literature- and GIS-based approach, distribution data of protected lepidopteran species listed in Council Directive 92/43/EEC and of maize cultivation was used in order to evaluate potential spatial overlaps between GM maize and protected non-target Lepidoptera in different biogeographical regions (BGR) of the EU. Each BGR has its peculiarity regarding maize cultivation and the distribution of protected butterflies. The lepidopteran fauna of the Pannonian BGR is particularly sensitive due to large maize cultivation shares and wide distribution of protected butterflies within this BGR. For the BGRs evaluated potential, spatial exposures of protected butterflies to GM maize cannot be excluded. This study shows that the suggested approach is a useful tool for the consideration of EU-wide protected species in different receiving environments during the problem formulation of the ERA of GMPs.

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Research Article Wed, 21 Feb 2018 13:18:07 +0200
Insect hibernation on urban green land: a winter-adapted mowing regime as a management tool for insect conservation https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/22316/ BioRisk 13: 1-29

DOI: 10.3897/biorisk.13.22316

Authors: Philipp Andreas Unterweger, Jorinde Klammer, Manuela Unger, Oliver Betz

Abstract: Insect conservation is challenging on various ecological scales. One largely neglected aspect is the quality of undisturbed hibernation sites. This study aims to fill a lack of knowledge concerning insect hibernation on uncut meadows persisting in urban green spaces during the winter season in a middle-sized town in south Germany. During two years of sampling, 13,511 insect specimens of the orders Heteroptera, Hymenoptera, Coleoptera and Diptera were caught from their winter stands. The specimens were assigned to 120 families and 140 taxonomic species were determined from the orders Heteroptera, Coleoptera and Diptera and 324 morphotypes from the orders Hymenoptera, Coleoptera and Diptera. The data indicate the importance of winter fallows for insect hibernation. Unmown meadows offer additional plant structures in winter (flower heads, stems, tufts and leaves) that are absent from mown ones. This increased structural diversity results in both higher species diversity and numbers of insect individuals during spring emergence. The results of this study thus emphasise the value of unmown structures for insect conservation and suggest a mosaic-like cutting maintenance of meadows, way- and river-sides and other green infrastructure in both the urban area and the open landscape.

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Research Article Fri, 12 Jan 2018 14:14:23 +0200
How to track genetically modified (GM) plants in the field? The VDI standard method of floristic mapping of GM plants as an efficient tool https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/1897/ BioRisk 8: 89-110

DOI: 10.3897/biorisk.8.4035

Authors: Ulrich Sukopp, Ulf Schmitz

Abstract: The commercial use of genetically modified (GM) organisms is regulated in the EU by law. Thus, monitoring the environmental effects of GM organisms after placement on the market is a mandatory task of the respective consent holder. Since many relevant monitoring procedures lack standardisation, the Association of German Engineers (VDI) has commissioned expert groups with the development of guidelines covering appropriate methodologies. As part of this project, the VDI Guideline 4330 Part 10 was set up (Bleeker et al. 2011) describing a standardised procedure for floristic mapping of spontaneously occurring (non-cultivated) GM crops, their wild potential crossing partners and their hybrid offspring. Areas to be mapped are those where such plants are expected to be found, e.g. on former fields and in the vicinity of current or former fields of GM plants. In the case of transportation, processing or use of GM plants as animal feed, these are areas surrounding the processing, storage, handling and usage facilities, including access routes to and from the facilities. The concept of adverse environmental effects caused by the dispersal and outcrossing of GM plants is briefly introduced. The necessity of floristic mapping in the context of post-market environmental monitoring of GM plants is demonstrated taking oilseed rape as an example. The development of the Guideline VDI 4330 Part 10 is described and its contents are summarised. An important conclusion on the relevance and efficiency of the floristic mapping method is that strict standardisation ensures a high level of EU wide reproducibility and comparability of the results.

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Research Article Thu, 8 Aug 2013 00:00:00 +0300
A framework for a European network for a systematic environmental impact assessment of genetically modified organisms (GMO) https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/1892/ BioRisk 7: 73-97

DOI: 10.3897/biorisk.7.1969

Authors: Frieder Graef, Joerg Roembke, Rosa Binimelis, Anne I. Myhr, Angelika Hilbeck, Broder Breckling, Tommy Dalgaard, Ulrich Stachow, Georgina V. Catacora, Thomas Bøhn, David Quist, Béla Darvas, Gert Dudel, Bernadette Oehen, Hartmut Meyer, Klaus Henle, Brian Wynne, Marc Metzger, Silvio Knäbe, Josef Settele, András Székács, Angelika Wurbs, Jeannette Bernard, Donal Murphy-Bokern, Marcello Buiatti, Manuela Giovannetti, Marko Debeljak, Erling Andersen, Andreas Paetz, Saso Dzeroski, Beatrix Tappeser, Cornelis A.M. van Gestel, Werner Wosniok, Gilles-Eric Séralini, Iulie Aslaksen, Roland Pesch, Stanislav Maly, Armin Werner

Abstract: The assessment of the impacts of growing genetically modified (GM) crops remains a major political and scientific challenge in Europe. Concerns have been raised by the evidence of adverse and unexpected environmental effects and differing opinions on the outcomes of environmental risk assessments (ERA). The current regulatory system is hampered by insufficiently developed methods for GM crop safety testing and introduction studies. Improvement to the regulatory system needs to address the lack of well designed GM crop monitoring frameworks, professional and financial conflicts of interest within the ERA research and testing community, weaknesses in consideration of stakeholder interests and specific regional conditions, and the lack of comprehensive assessments that address the environmental and socio-economic risk assessment interface. To address these challenges, we propose a European Network for systematic GMO impact assessment (ENSyGMO) with the aim directly to enhance ERA and post-market environmental monitoring (PMEM) of GM crops, to harmonize and ultimately secure the long-term socio-political impact of the ERA process and the PMEM in the EU. These goals would be achieved with a multi-dimensional and multi-sector approach to GM crop impact assessment, targeting the variability and complexity of the EU agro-environment and the relationship with relevant socio-economic factors. Specifically, we propose to develop and apply methodologies for both indicator and field site selection for GM crop ERA and PMEM, embedded in an EU-wide typology of agro-environments. These methodologies should be applied in a pan-European field testing network using GM crops. The design of the field experiments and the sampling methodology at these field sites should follow specific hypotheses on GM crop effects and use state-of-the art sampling, statistics and modelling approaches. To address public concerns and create confidence in the ENSyGMO results, actors with relevant specialist knowledge from various sectors should be involved.

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Research Article Wed, 17 Oct 2012 00:00:00 +0300
Stand age characteristics and soil properties affect species composition of vascular plants in short rotation coppice plantations https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/1893/ BioRisk 7: 51-71

DOI: 10.3897/biorisk.7.2699

Authors: Sarah Baum, Martin Weih, Andreas Bolte

Abstract: Woody biomass plantations on agricultural sites are an attractive source of biomass for bioenergy, but their effects on local biodiversity are unclear. This study’s objective was to evaluate the influences of light availability, plantation age, and soil properties on phytodiversity in short rotation coppice (SRC) plantations. Ground vegetation mapping, irradiance measurement (PAR), and surface soil analyses were conducted in 15 willow and poplar SRC plantations in Central Sweden and Northern Germany. We performed different multivariate statistical methods like cluster analysis (CA), principal component analysis (PCA), and canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) in order to analyze species composition and the influence of irradiance, age, and soil properties on phytodiversity. CA revealed highest species composition similarities in SRC plantations in close proximity. PCA identified humus quality/essential plant nutrients, plantation age/irradiance effects, soil acidity and shoot age as the four principal components of the recorded parameters. The ground vegetation cover was negatively correlated with the plantation age component and positively with the nutrient component. With an increase in the plantation age component, a shift in species composition was proven towards more forest habitat species, more nutrient-demanding species, and increasing occurrence of indicator species for basic soils. Applying Ellenberg indicator values, basic soil indicator species corresponded in occurrence to increasing nutrient availability. However, species richness was not related to any of our studied site variables. Judged from CCA, species composition in SRC plantations was influenced by plantation age/irradiance, and nutrient availability; soil acidity and shoot age had no significant influence. Young poplar and willow SRC plantations showed greatest variation in photosynthetically active radiation (PAR). Our findings suggest that phytodiversity in SRC plantations depends mainly on plantation age and thus shifts over time.

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Research Article Wed, 17 Oct 2012 00:00:00 +0300
A strategy for conservation and investigation of the protected resurrection plant Haberlea rhodopensis Friv. https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/1888/ BioRisk 6: 41-60

DOI: 10.3897/biorisk.6.1568

Authors: Evelina Daskalova, Slaveya Dontcheva, Galina Yahoubian, Ivan Minkov, Valentina Toneva

Abstract: Representatives of the resurrection plants from Gesneriaceae family are included in the Red Book of Bulgaria, in the European Register of rare, endangered, and endemic plants, and are subjects of world’s conventions on the preservation of the biodiversity. The unique feature of these plants to recover from prolonged dehydration (anabiosis) is explored in numerous studies. These species are also Tertiary relics, so they could give us important knowledge about plant evolution.Our research group at the University of Plovdiv has established a national in vitro gene bank for Haberlea rhodopensis Friv. (25 localities) and Ramonda serbica Panc. (2 localities) from Bulgaria. The national gene bank is based on original and modified in vitro technologies and can serve as a conservation and biodiversity investigation center for the family Gesneriaceae.Basing on our work with Haberlea rhodopensis Friv., we are developing a strategy for conservation and investigation of rare and relic plant species (mapping and exploration of habitats – assessing the local risk of extinction - introducing in an in vitro gene bank - model plants for research – adaptation and possible re-introduction in endangered habitats). This strategy can be adapted and used for conservation and investigation of other rare, protected, relic and endemic plants from other regions of Europe and worldwide.

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Research Article Mon, 19 Dec 2011 00:00:00 +0200
Assessing the potential risks of transgenic plants for non-target invertebrates in Europe: a review of classification approaches of the receiving environment https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/1889/ BioRisk 6: 19-40

DOI: 10.3897/biorisk.6.1334

Authors: Stephan Jänsch, Jörg Römbke, Angelika Hilbeck, Gabriele Weiß, Hanka Teichmann, Beatrix Tappeser

Abstract: According to the current legal background for the regulation of genetically modified plants (GMPs) in Europe, an environmental risk assessment (ERA) has to be performed considering i) the crop plant, ii) the novel trait relating to its intended effect and phenotypic characteristics of the GM crop plant and iii) the receiving environment related to the intended use of the GMP. However, the current GMP-ERA does not differentiate between different intended receiving environments. Therefore, the question is to be raised: How can the ’receiving environment’ be classified on the European scale, both in an ecologically relevant and feasible way? As a first step this proposal focuses on invertebrates in the terrestrial environmental compartment. In order to check if already existing regionalization concepts are suitable for the above raised question the following selection criteria were employed: Distribution of non-target organisms (NTOs): A suitable regionalization concept should appropriately reflect the specific characteristics of the animal and plant communities of the different receiving environments of a GMP. Therefore, such a classification should be done by an ecoregion approach, meaning that different ecoregions support different organism communities that may play a different role in supporting relevant ecosystem services. However, information on the distribution of invertebrates in Europe is not available in sufficient detail for this purpose. Hence, it is proposed to use the information about site conditions like climatic, vegetation and soil parameters, which determine the composition of invertebrate communities, for the selection of an appropriate classification concept. Size and number of geographical units: This is a trade-off between the total number of ‘receiving environments’ in Europe manageable in a regulatory context and the ecological uniformity of a single geographical unit. An intermediate size and number of geographical units should be the aim of the classification.With the ‘Indicative map of European biogeographical regions’ (IMEBR) there is an existing regionalization concept that meets many of the requirements identified above: the classification is based on parameters that also determine the distribution of invertebrate communities (i.e., the potential natural vegetation) and nine biogeographical regions represented within the 27 member states of the European (EU-27) are a manageable number for regulatory purposes. However, epigeic (living above ground) and endogeic (living below ground) faunal communities are determined by different biotic and abiotic parameters. For example, climate data is much more relevant for epigeic species than for endogeic organisms. The most important soil properties related to the distribution of endogeic organisms and plants are pH, texture, organic matter content and/or content of organic carbon, C/N ratio, and water-holding capacity. Hence, for endogeic non-target organisms there is currently no suitable regionalization concept available. For the time being, it is recommended to identify important species for testing purposes in each ecoregion with GMP cultivation by means of expert knowledge using the IMEBR for both epigeic and endogeic communities.The regionalization concept is intended to be used in the context of the ERA of GMPs for the assessment of risk for NTOs. Hence, it should be tailored for the area in the EU where GMPs are likely to be grown. The overlap between the biogeographical regions and the intended area of cultivation for a novel GMP form the different cases, each of which should undergo a specific ERA process.For example, there would be eight or nine separate potato cases for the EU-27 area, i.e. the Alpine, Atlantic, Boreal, Continental, Macaronesian, Mediterranean, Pannonian, Steppic and possibly the Black Sea biogeographical regions. For grain maize there would be five to nine separate cases, i.e. the Atlantic, Continental, Mediterranean, Pannonian, Steppic and possibly the Alpine, Black Sea, Boreal and Macaronesian biogeographical regions.

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Review Article Mon, 19 Dec 2011 00:00:00 +0200
Assessing continental-scale risks for generalist and specialist pollinating bee species under climate change https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/1890/ BioRisk 6: 1-18

DOI: 10.3897/biorisk.6.1325

Authors: Stuart Roberts, Simon Potts, Koos Biesmeijer, Michael Kuhlmann, William Kunin, Ralf Ohlemüller

Abstract: Increased risks of extinction to populations of animals and plants under changing climate have now been demonstrated for many taxa. This study assesses the extinction risks to species within an important genus of pollinating bees (Colletes: Apidae) by estimating the expected changes in the area and isolation of suitable habitat under predicted climatic condition for 2050. Suitable habitat was defined on the basis of the presence of known forage plants as well as climatic suitability. To investigate whether ecological specialisation was linked to extinction risk we compared three species which were generalist pollen foragers on several plant families with three species which specialised on pollen from a single plant species. Both specialist and generalist species showed an increased risk of extinction with shifting climate, and this was particularly high for the most specialised species (Colletes anchusae and C. wolfi). The forage generalist C. impunctatus, which is associated with Boreo-Alpine environments, is potentially threatened through significant reduction in available climatic niche space. Including the distribution of the principal or sole pollen forage plant, when modelling the distribution of monolectic or narrowly oligolectic species, did not improve the predictive accuracy of our models as the plant species were considerably more widespread than the specialised bees associated with them.

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Research Article Mon, 19 Dec 2011 00:00:00 +0200
Expansion of Crocothemis erythraea in Ukraine https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/1884/ BioRisk 5: 211-223

DOI: 10.3897/biorisk.5.851

Authors: Lyudmyla Khrokalo

Abstract: A noticeable expansion of some Mediterranean species takes place in Europe during last several decades and this data are related to climatic effects clearly. The present work is a review of literature and original data on distribution of C. erythraea in Ukraine. In the beginning and middle of XX century in Ukraine the Scarlet Dragonfly was observed in southern area at Dnieper valley, in outmost southwest at Danube delta at the west of Ukraine in Transcarpathian and Forecarpathian. Next, this species was registered at the foothills of Carpathian Mountains. During last three decades C. erythraea was also recorded at the north and east (central regions, eastern, northern and northeastern areas). Since 2000 new points have been registered in Odessa, Kherson,Vinnytsya, Cherkasy, Chernihiv, Kyiv administrative regions and in Crimea.

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Research Article Thu, 30 Dec 2010 00:00:00 +0200
Changes in the range of dragonflies in the Netherlands and the possible role of temperature change https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/1881/ BioRisk 5: 155-173

DOI: 10.3897/biorisk.5.847

Authors: Tim Termaat, Vincent Kalkman, Jaap Bouwman

Abstract: The trends of 60 Dutch dragonfly species were calculated for three different periods (1980–1993, 1994–1998 and 1999–2003). Comparing period 1 and period 3 shows that 39 of these species have increased, 16 have remained stable and 5 have decreased. These results show a revival of the Dutch dragonfly fauna, after decades of ongoing decline. The species were categorized in different species groups: species with a southern distribution range, species with a northern distribution range, species of running waters, species of fenlands and species of mesotrophic lakes and bogs. The trends of these different species groups were compared with the all-species control group. As expected, a significantly higher proportion of the southern species show a positive trend than the all-species group. In the northern species group on the contrary, a significantly higher proportion of the species show a negative trend than the all-species group. Different explanations for these results are discussed, such as climate change, improved quality of certain habitats and degradation of other habitats. It is likely that the observed increase of southern species is at least partly caused by the increasing temperatures. The less positive picture of the northern species group is probably more influenced by other environmental factor than directly by climate change. Three out of six southern species which have become established since 1990 have done so during the aftermath of large invasions. It is concluded that dragonflies are well capable of using changing climate circumstances to colonise new habitats.

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Research Article Thu, 30 Dec 2010 00:00:00 +0200
When south goes north: Mediterranean dragonflies (Odonata) conquer Flanders (North-Belgium) https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/1880/ BioRisk 5: 141-153

DOI: 10.3897/biorisk.5.855

Authors: Geert De Knijf, Anny Anselin

Abstract: Since 1980, eight southern dragonfly species have been regularly recorded in Flanders. They show a significant increase in relative abundance, relative area as well as indications of reproduction since the beginning of the nineties, with peak occurrence mainly in the 1995–1999 period. Since 2000, numbers are lower but more species were simultaneously present. Three species, Lestes barbarus, Crocothemis erythraea and Sympetrum fonscolombii, show a combination of earlier arrival, earlier reproduction with a higher frequency and higher maximum ranges and can be considered asstable populations in Flanders. All other southern species show in general a later arrival, only one confirmed or probable reproduction and have much lower maximum ranges. Two other species, reaching their northern limit of distribution in Flanders, Erythromma viridulum and E. lindenii have clearly expanded their relative area since the eighties. Their relative abundance also increased although this shows more fluctuations.

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Research Article Thu, 30 Dec 2010 00:00:00 +0200
Introductory notes to factsheets. Chapter 14 https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/1869/ BioRisk 4: 855-1021

DOI: 10.3897/biorisk.4.69

Authors: Alain Roques

Abstract: Among the 1590 terrestrial arthropod species alien to Europe identified in this book, 78 were selected to produce specific factsheets in order to provide more information on their biology, distribution and impact. We included two more species which are alien in Europe, the horse-chestnut leaf miner (Cameraria ohridella) and the African cotton leafworm (Spodoptera littoralis) because of their importance. These 80 species are perhaps not the most important alien invaders, but they are rather representatives of the main taxonomic groups of alien terrestrial arthropods. They were selected so as to represent different pathways of introduction and diverse impacts on ecosystems, economic activities and human and animal health. These species include two myriapods, one spider, one mite, 18 coleopterans, seven dipterans, 23 hemipterans, 10 hymenopterans, one termite, 14 lepidopterans, and three thrips. Each factsheet includes information on the following aspects: Description and biological cycle: A brief description of adults and immature stages is given, whenever possible illustrated by a photograph, to help the reader identify the species. Further information details the general characteristics of the biological cycle in the invaded area, especially the species' potential to reproduce and the hosts it has colonized. Native habitat: The factsheet includes the habitat type where the species is found in its native range. In order to make habitat types comparable among taxa, we adopted the classification of the European Nature Information System (EUNIS) database (http://eunis.eea.europa.eu). The habitat type codes are detailed in Appendix II. When information was available, we included specific habitat requirements which may help understand the potential of the species to establish and spread in Europe. Habitat occupied in invaded range: The different habitats colonized by the alien species are described as for native habitats. Native range: The native distribution of the species is described. For some species, there is very precise information available, but for others, only brief details of a region or even continent can be given. Introduced range: The date of the first record in Europe and the location of this record is given, as well as details of the process of dispersion in the continent when available. A distribution map is supplied for all species. For most of them, presence/ absence data have been obtained only at country level, but for a few species, more detailed maps are given to show the distribution at regional scale. However, the missing occurrence of species from some countries does not always mean that these countries are not colonized, but may rather result from a lack of data for the country concerned. The map also indicates eradication records where relevant. Pathways: We included information on the routes of introduction to Europe, and the potential of the species to disperse within the continent once it has established. Impact and management: This section details the importance of the species' impacts in the colonized habitats. Both ecological and economical impacts are detailed when known. Practical advice where known is given regarding mechanical, chemical and biological control methods. Selected references: Three of the most relevant references to the history of the species' introduction and spread in Europe are given.

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Research Article Tue, 6 Jul 2010 00:00:00 +0300
Springtails and Silverfishes (Apterygota). Chapter 13.5 https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/1868/ BioRisk 4: 851-854

DOI: 10.3897/biorisk.4.47

Authors: Jürg Zettel

Abstract: The alien fauna of Apterygota is still limited in Europe. Springtails (Collembolla) alien to Europe include only three species to which add a cryptogenic one. Two nowadays cosmopolitan species of silverfishes may originate from Central America. The reasons of this limited colonisation of Europe are briefly discussed.

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Research Article Tue, 6 Jul 2010 00:00:00 +0300
Lice and Fleas (Phthiraptera and Siphonaptera). Chapter 13.4 https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/1867/ BioRisk 4: 833-849

DOI: 10.3897/biorisk.4.65

Authors: Marc Kenis, Alain Roques

Abstract: A total of 31 Phthiraptera species alien to Europe are listed. They include 24 chewing lice and seven sucking lice of 12 different families. The families Goniodidae (Ischnocera) and Menoponidae (Amblycera) largely dominate the alien entomofauna of chewing lice. Asia is the major supplier of alien Phthiraptera which are mostly associated with poultry farming, game birds, guinea pigs and invasive alien mammals. The recent period did not show any acceleration in alien arrival in Europe. Alien fleas include six species in the families Pulicidae and Ceratophyllidae. Three of them are primarily associated with rats and are capable of transmiting major human diseases such as the bubonic plague and the murine typhus.

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Research Article Tue, 6 Jul 2010 00:00:00 +0300
Dictyoptera (Blattodea, Isoptera), Orthoptera, Phasmatodea and Dermaptera. Chapter 13.3 https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/1866/ BioRisk 4: 807-831

DOI: 10.3897/biorisk.4.68

Authors: Jean-Yves Rasplus, Alain Roques

Abstract: For convenience, we treat all “polyneopteran” orders together. Five orders of hemimetabolous “Polyneoptera” include species alien to Europe, namely Blattodea, Isoptera, Orthoptera, Phasmatodea and Dermaptera. A total of 37 species alien to Europe have been recorded. These belong to 14 different families. Most of these species show a detritivorous feeding regime (22 spp.), whereas 12 species are phytophagous and two are predators. The majority of species were first observed between 1900 and 1975. Unlike other arthropod groups, the mean number of polyneopteran species newly recorded per year showed no acceleration since 1975. The alien “Polyneoptera” mostly originated from Central/South America and Asia (10 species each, 27.0%), followed by Africa (7, 18.9%). Germany hosts the largest number of alien Polyneoptera (15 spp.), followed by Denmark (14), Spain (11) and France (10). All but one alien species represent unintentional introductions. More than 75% of the species are associated with artificial habitats (houses, buildings and greenhouses) and cultivated areas. Blattodea and Isoptera have huge economic and/or medical importance. The cost of treatments and sanitary measures against termites and cockroaches, in particular, is significant in Europe.

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Research Article Tue, 6 Jul 2010 00:00:00 +0300
Psocids (Psocoptera). Chapter 13.2 https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/1865/ BioRisk 4: 793-805

DOI: 10.3897/biorisk.4.46

Authors: Nico Schneider

Abstract: Among the 231 species of Psocoptera present in Europe, 49 (21.2%) are considered to be of alien origin. They include 29 exotic introduced species and 20 cryptogenic species. Most of the exotic species originated from tropical and subtropical areas, essentially from Africa. Many of them are food pests, moving along with stored products. Thirty-nine of these species occur in buildings in Europe.

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Research Article Tue, 6 Jul 2010 00:00:00 +0300
Thrips (Thysanoptera). Chapter 13.1 https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/1864/ BioRisk 4: 767-791

DOI: 10.3897/biorisk.4.59

Authors: Philippe Reynaud

Abstract: Thrips (Order Thysanoptera) are found worldwide and include almost 6000 species. Several of them are notorious for causing extensive crop damage (by feeding on leaf tissue or by vectoring viral disease). Their small size (usually less than 2 millimeters) and cryptic habits have facilited invasions and establishment in Europe in the wild or in greenhouses. Fifty-two alien species, belonging to four families have been recorded within Europe. Species introduced before 1950 mostly originate from America, tropical and subtropical areas and subsequent arrivals generally originate from Asia (and from America to some extent). Five countries host more than 30% of the European alien thrips fauna and two alien thrips occur in more than 50% of the countries and islands of Europe.

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Research Article Tue, 6 Jul 2010 00:00:00 +0300
Hymenoptera. Chapter 12 https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/1863/ BioRisk 4: 669-776

DOI: 10.3897/biorisk.4.55

Authors: Jean-Yves Rasplus, Claire Villemant, Maria Rosa Paiva, Gérard Delvare, Alain Roques

Abstract: We present the first review of Hymenoptera alien to Europe. Our study revealed that nearly 300 species of Hymenoptera belonging to 30 families have been introduced to Europe. In terms of alien species diversity within invertebrate orders, this result ranks Hymenoptera third following Coleoptera and Hemiptera. Two third of alien Hymenoptera are parasitoids or hyperparasitoids that were mostly introduced for biological control purposes. Only 35 phytophagous species, 47 predator species and 3 species of pollinators have been introduced. Six families of wasps (Aphelinidae, Encyrtidae, Eulophidae, Braconidae, Torymidae, Pteromalidae) represent together with ants (Formicidae) about 80% of the alien Hymenoptera introduced to Europe. The three most diverse families are Aphelinidae (60 species representing 32% of the Aphelinid European fauna), Encyrtidae (55) and Formicidae (42) while the Chalcidoidea together represents 2/3 of the total Hymenoptera species introduced to Europe. The first two families are associated with mealybugs, a group that also included numerous aliens to Europe. In addition, they are numerous cases of Hymenoptera introduced from one part of Europe to another, especially from continental Europe to British Islands. These introductions mostly concerned phytophagous or gall-maker species (76 %), less frequently parasitoids. The number of new records of alien Hymenoptera per year has shown an exponential increase during the last 200 years. The number of alien species introduced by year reached a maximum of 5 species per year between 1975 and 2000. North America provided the greatest part of the hymenopteran species alien to Europe (96 species, 35.3%), followed by Asia (84 species, 30.9%) and Africa (49 species, 18%). Three Mediterranean countries (only continental parts) hosted the largest number of alien Hymenoptera: Italy (144 spp.), France (111 spp.) and Spain (90 spp.) but no correlation was found with the area of countries. Intentional introduction, mostly for biological control, has been the main pathway of introduction for Hymenoptera. Consequently, the most invaded habitats are agricultural and horticultural as well as greenhouses. To the contrary, Hymenoptera alien in Europe are mostly associated with woodland and forest habitats. Ecological and economic impacts of alien Hymenoptera have been poorly studied. Ants have probably displaced native species and this is also true for introduced parasitoids that are suspected to displace native parasitoids by competition, but reliable examples are still scarce. The cost of these impacts has never been estimated.

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Research Article Tue, 6 Jul 2010 00:00:00 +0300
Lepidoptera. Chapter 11 https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/1862/ BioRisk 4: 603-668

DOI: 10.3897/biorisk.4.50

Authors: Carlos Lopez-Vaamonde, David Agassiz, Sylvie Augustin, Jurate De Prins, Willy De Prins, Stanislav Gomboc, Povilas Ivinskis, Ole Karsholt, Athanasios Koutroumpas, Fotini Koutroumpa, Zdeněk Laštůvka, Eduardo Marabuto, Elisenda Olivella, Lukasz Przybylowicz, Alain Roques, Nils Ryrholm, Hana Sefrova, Peter Sima, Ian Sims, Sergey Sinev, Bjarne Skulev, Rumen Tomov, Alberto Zilli, David Lees

Abstract: We provide a comprehensive overview of those Lepidopteran invasions to Europe that result from increasing globalisation and also review expansion of species within Europe. A total of 97 non-native Lepidoptera species (about 1% of the known fauna), in 20 families and 11 superfamilies have established so far in Europe, of which 30 alone are Pyraloidea. In addition, 88 European species in 25 families have expanded their range within Europe and around 23% of these are of Mediterranean or Balkan origin, invading the north and west. Although a number of these alien species have been in Europe for hundreds of years, 74% have established during the 20th century and arrivals are accelerating, with an average of 1.9 alien Lepidoptera newly established per year between 2000–2007. For 78 aliens with a known area of origin, Asia has contributed 28.9%, Africa (including Macaronesian islands, Canaries, Madeira and Azores) 21.6%, North America 16.5%, Australasia 7.2% and the neotropics just 5.2%. The route for almost all aliens to Europe is via importation of plants or plant products. Most alien Lepidoptera established in Europe are also confined to man-made habitats, with 52.5% occuring in parks and gardens. We highlight four species in particular, Diaphania perspectalis, Cacyreus marshalli, Cameraria ohridella and Paysandisia archon, as the most important current economic threats.

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Research Article Tue, 6 Jul 2010 00:00:00 +0300
Diptera. Chapter 10 https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/1861/ BioRisk 4: 553-602

DOI: 10.3897/biorisk.4.53

Authors: Marcela Skuhravá, Michel Martinez, Alain Roques

Abstract: Of the 19,400 native species and 125 families forming the European diptera fauna, 98 species (less than 0.5%) in 22 families are alien to Europe. These aliens constitute 66 species (18 families) of the suborder Brachycera and 32 species (4 families) of the suborder Nematocera. By family in this category, there are 23 Cecidomyiidae species, 18 Drosophilidae, nine Phoridae, eight Tachinidae and seven Culicidae. Another 32 fly species belonging to five families are considered to be alien in Europe. These invasives native to other European countries are composed of 14 species of Cecidomyiidae, seven Syrphidae, five Culicidae and three species each of Anthomyiidae and Tephritidae. The date of the first record in Europe is known for 84 alien species. Arrivals of alien species of Diptera have accelerated rapidly since the second half of the 20th century. North America appears to be the dominant contributor of the alien flies. The majority of alien Diptera were introduced into or within Europe unintentionally, with only three predators released intentionally for biological control. Alien Diptera are predominantly phytophagous (35.6%), while a lesser portion are zoophagous (28.6%) or detrivorous/mycetophagous (29.6%). Ecological impacts on native fauna and flora have not been documented for any of the alien species established in Europe. However, 14 alien species have economic impacts on crops.

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Research Article Tue, 6 Jul 2010 00:00:00 +0300
Other Hemiptera Sternorrhyncha (Aleyrodidae, Phylloxeroidea, and Psylloidea) and Hemiptera Auchenorrhyncha. Chapter 9.4 https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/1860/ BioRisk 4: 511-552

DOI: 10.3897/biorisk.4.63

Authors: David Mifsud, Christian Cocquempot, Roland Mühlethaler, Mike Wilson, Jean-Claude Streito

Abstract: Apart from aphids and scales, 52 additional Sternorrhyncha hemipteran species alien to Europe have been identified within Aleyrodidae (27 whitefly species), Phylloxeroidea (9 adelgids, 2 phylloxerans) and Psylloidea (14 species of jumping plant-lice) in addition to 12 Auchenorrhyncha species (mostly Cicadellidae- 8 species). At present, the alien species represent 39% of the total whitefly fauna and 36% of the total adelgid fauna occuring in Europe. The proportion is insignificant in the other groups. The arrival of alien phylloxerans and adelgids appeared to peak during the first part of the 20th century. In contrast, the mean number of new records per year of alien aleyrodids, psylloids and Auchenorrhyncha increased regularly after the 1950s. For these three groups, an average of 0.5–0.6 new alien species has been recorded per year in Europe since 2000. The region of origin of the alien species largely differs between the different groups. Alien aleyrodids and psylloids mainly originated from tropical regions whilst the adelgids and phylloxerans came equally from North America and Asia. A major part of the alien Auchenorrhyncha originated from North American. Most of these alien species are presently observed in man-made habitats, especially in parks and gardens but alien adelgids are mainly observed in forests because of their association with conifer trees used for afforestation.

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Research Article Tue, 6 Jul 2010 00:00:00 +0300
Scales (Hemiptera, Superfamily Coccoidea). Chapter 9.3 https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/1859/ BioRisk 4: 475-510

DOI: 10.3897/biorisk.4.45

Authors: Giuseppina Pellizzari, Jean-François Germain

Abstract: Scale insects are frequent invaders. With 129 established species, they numerically represent one of the major group of insects alien to Europe. Scales are usually small insects with wingless females. Due to this small size and concealment, many species, mainly belonging to the families Diaspididae, Pseudococcidae and Pseudococcidae, have been accidentally introduced to Europe, mostly originating from tropical regions and essentially from Asia. The trade of fruit trees and ornamentals appears to be the usual pathway of introduction. At present, alien scales represent an important component of the European entomofauna, accounting for about 30% of the total scale fauna.

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Research Article Tue, 6 Jul 2010 00:00:00 +0300
Aphids (Hemiptera, Aphididae) Chapter 9.2 https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/1858/ BioRisk 4: 435-474

DOI: 10.3897/biorisk.4.57

Authors: Armelle Coeur d’Acier, Nicolás Pérez-Hidalgo, Olivera Petrović-Obradović

Abstract: Our study aimed at providing a comprehensive list of Aphididae alien to Europe. A total of 98 species originating from other continents have established so far in Europe, to which we add 4 cosmopolitan species of uncertain origin (cryptogenic). The 102 alien species of Aphididae established in Europe belong to 12 different subfamilies, five of them contributing by more than 5 species to the alien fauna. Most alien aphids originate from temperate regions of the world. There was no significant variation in the geographic origin of the alien aphids over time. The average introduction rate was 0.5 species per year since 1800. The mean number of newly recorded species per year decreased since 2000 but this pattern may change in the following years.

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Research Article Tue, 6 Jul 2010 00:00:00 +0300
True Bugs (Hemiptera, Heteroptera). Chapter 9.1 https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/1857/ BioRisk 4: 407-433

DOI: 10.3897/biorisk.4.44

Authors: Wolfgang Rabitsch

Abstract: The inventory of the alien Heteroptera of Europe includes 16 species alien to Europe, 25 species alien in Europe and 7 cryptogenic species. This is approximately 1.7 % of the Heteroptera species occurring in Europe. Most species belong to Miridae (20 spp.), Tingidae (8 spp.), and Anthocoridae (7 spp.). The rate of introductions has exponentially increased within the 20th century and since 1990 an approximate arrival rate of seven species per decade has been observed. Most of the species alien to Europe are from North America, almost all of the species alien in Europe originate in the Mediterranean region and were translocated to central and northern Europe. Most alien Heteroptera species are known from Central and Western Europe (Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Great Britain). Ornamental trade and movement as stowaways with transport vehicles are the major pathways for alien Heteroptera. Most alien Heteroptera colonize habitats under strong human influence, like agricultural, horticultural, and domestic habitats, parks and gardens. A few species prefer woodland including plantations of non-native forest trees. Impacts of alien Heteroptera in Europe are poorly investigated. A few species are considered pests in agriculture, forestry, or on ornamentals. More research is needed for a better understanding of the ecological and economic effects of introduced Heteroptera.

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Research Article Tue, 6 Jul 2010 00:00:00 +0300
Coleoptera families other than Cerambycidae, Curculionidae sensu lato, Chrysomelidae sensu lato and Coccinelidae. Chapter 8.5 https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/1856/ BioRisk 4: 315-406

DOI: 10.3897/biorisk.4.61

Authors: Olivier Denux, Pierre Zagatti

Abstract: Here we consider 274 alien Coleoptera species belonging to 41 of the 137 beetle families in Europe (Cerambycidae, Curculionidae sensu lato, Chrysomelidae sensu lato and Coccinelidae are treated separately elsewhere). Among the families we consider asinvaded the European fauna, Acanthocnemidae and Ptilodactylidae represent new arrivals. Many species-rich families have surprisingly few aliens, whereas some relatively minor families such as Dermestidae, Nitidulidae and Anobiidae have a relatively high representation of alien species. Since the start of the 19th century, the number of coleopteran aliens introduced into Europe has continued to increase. Alien species colonizing Europe derive from a wide range of geographic regions as well as ecozones, but the most important source area is Asia. The countries with the largest number of alien species established are France, Germany and Italy. The majority have been introduced accidentally via international transport mechanisms. The most important route for importation is stored products and crops, followed by transport of wood, then horticultural and ornamental plants. Most alien species in these families are found within anthropogenic habitats in Europe. The introduction of invasive alien beetles in these families has had significant economic impacts, particularly as pests of stored foodstuffs, as well as serious ecological impacts. For example, the buprestid species Agrilus planipennis, recently recorded in Russia, is an important potential economic threat which may also impact the biodiversity associated with ash trees.

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Research Article Tue, 6 Jul 2010 00:00:00 +0300
Ladybeetles (Coccinellidae). Chapter 8.4 https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/1855/ BioRisk 4: 293-313

DOI: 10.3897/biorisk.4.49

Authors: Helen Roy, Alain Migeon

Abstract: The majority of Coccinellidae are beneficial predators and they have received considerable research attention because of their potential as biological control agents. Indeed the role of coccinellids as predators of pest insects has been a major factor in the movement of coccinellids between countries. The commercial production of coccinellids by biological control companies and local producers led to a rapid increase in distribution thoughout the 1990’s. To date, 13 alien coccinellid species have been documented in Europe; 11 of these are alien to Europe (two are alien to Great Britain and Sweden but native within Europe). The distribution of alien coccinellids in Europe mirrors the biogeographical distribution and patterns of introduction. Some species have dispersed widely; Harmonia axyridis has spread rapidly from countries where it was deliberately introduced to many others across Europe. The ecological and economic impacts of alien coccinellids are not well documented. In this chapter we provide an overview of the temporal and spatial patterns of alien coccinellids in Europe.

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Research Article Tue, 6 Jul 2010 00:00:00 +0300
Leaf and Seed Beetles (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae). Chapter 8.3 https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/1854/ BioRisk 4: 267-292

DOI: 10.3897/biorisk.4.52

Authors: Ron Beenen, Alain Roques

Abstract: The inventory of the leaf and seed beetles alien to Europe revealed a total of 25 species of which 14 seed beetles (bruchids) and 11 leaf beetles mostly belonging to the subfamilies Alticinae and Chrysomelinae. At present, aliens account for 9.4% of the total fauna of seed beetles in Europe whereas this percentage is less than 1% for leaf beetles. Whilst seed beetles dominated the introductions in Europe until 1950, there has been an exponential increase in the rate of arrival of leaf beetles since then. New leaf beetles arrived at an average rate of 0.6 species per year during the period 2000–2009. Most alien species originated from Asia but this pattern is mainly due to seed beetles of which a half are of Asian origin whereas leaf beetles predominantly originated from North America (36.4%). Unlike other insect groups, a large number of alien species have colonized most of Europe. All but one species have been introduced accidentally with either the trade of beans or as contaminants of vegetal crops or stowaway. Most aliens presently concentrate in man-made habitats but little affect natural habitats (<6%). Highly negative economic impacts have been recorded on stored pulses of legumes and crops but very little is known about possible ecological impact.

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Research Article Tue, 6 Jul 2010 00:00:00 +0300
Weevils and Bark Beetles (Coleoptera, Curculionoidea). Chapter 8.2 https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/1853/ BioRisk 4: 219-266

DOI: 10.3897/biorisk.4.64

Authors: Daniel Sauvard, Manuela Branco, Ferenc Lakatos, Massimo Faccoli, Lawrence Kirkendall

Abstract: We record 201 alien curculionoids established in Europe, of which 72 originates from outside Europe. Aliens to Europe belong to five families, but four-fifth of them are from family Curculionidae. Many families and subfamilies, among which species-rich ones, have few representatives among alien curculionoids, whereas some others are over-represented; these latter, Dryophthoridae, Cossoninae and specially Scolytinae, all contains many xylophagous species. The number of new records of alien species increases continuously, with an acceleration during the last decades. Aliens to Europe originate from all parts of the world, but mainly Asia; few alien curculionoids originate from Africa. Italy and France host the largest number of alien to Europe. The number of aliens per country decreases eastwards, but is mainly correlated with importations amount and, secondary, with warm climates. All alien curculionoids have been introduced accidentally via international shipping. Wood and seed borers are specially liable to human-mediated dispersal due to their protected habitat. Alien curculionoids mainly attack stems, and half of them are xylophagous. The majority of alien curculionoids live in human-modified habitats, but many species live in forests and other natural or semi-natural habitats. Several species are pests, among which grain feeders as Sitophilus sp. are the most damaging.

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Research Article Tue, 6 Jul 2010 00:00:00 +0300
Longhorn beetles (Coleoptera, Cerambycidae). Chapter 8.1 https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/1852/ BioRisk 4: 193-218

DOI: 10.3897/biorisk.4.56

Authors: Christian Cocquempot, Åke Lindelöw

Abstract: A total of 19 alien longhorn beetle species have established in Europe where they presently account for ca. 2.8 % of the total cerambycid fauna. Most species belong to the subfamilies Cerambycinae and Laminae which are prevalent in the native fauna as well. The alien species mainly established during the period 1975-1999, arriving predominantly from Asia. France, Spain and Italy are by far the most invaded countries. All species have been introduced accidentally. Wood-derived products such as wood- packaging material and palettes, plants for planting, and bonsais constitute invasive pathways of increasing importance. However, only few species have yet colonized natural habitats outside parks and gardens. Present ecological and economical impacts, and future trends are discussed.

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Research Article Tue, 6 Jul 2010 00:00:00 +0300
Mites and ticks (Acari). Chapter 7.4 https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/1851/ BioRisk 4: 149-192

DOI: 10.3897/biorisk.4.58

Authors: Maria Navajas, Alain Migeon, Agustin Estrada-Peña, Anne-Catherine Mailleux, Pablo Servigne, Radmila Petanović

Abstract: The inventory of the alien Acari of Europe includes 96 species alien to Europe and 5 cryptogenic species. Among the alien species, 87 are mites and 9 tick species. Besides ticks which are obligate ectoparasites, 14 mite species belong to the parasitic/predator regime. Among these species, some invaded Europe with rodents (8 spp.) and others are parasitic to birds (2 spp). The remaining 77 mite species are all phytophagous and among these 40% belong to the Eriophyidae (37 spp.) and 29% to the Tetranychidae (27 spp.) families. These two families include the most significant agricultural pest. The rate of introductions has exponentially increased within the 20th century, the amplification of plant trade and agricultural commodities movements being the major invasion pathways. Most of the alien mite species (52%) are from North America, Asia (25%), and Central and South America (10%). Half of the ticks (4 spp.) alien to Europe originated from Africa. Most of the mite species are inconspicuous and data regarding invasive species and distribution range is only partially available. More research is needed for a better understanding of the ecological and economic effects of introduced Acari.

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Research Article Tue, 6 Jul 2010 00:00:00 +0300
Spiders (Araneae). Chapter 7.3 https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/1850/ BioRisk 4: 131-147

DOI: 10.3897/biorisk.4.48

Authors: Wolfgang Nentwig, Manuel Kobelt

Abstract: A total of 47 spider species are alien to Europe; this corresponds to 1.3 % of the native spider fauna. They belong to (in order of decreasing abundance) Theridiidae (10 species), Pholcidae (7 species), Sparassidae, Salticidae, Linyphiidae, Oonopidae (4-5 species each) and 11 further families. There is a remarkable increase of new records in the last years and the arrival of one new species for Europe per year has been predicted for the next decades. One third of alien spiders have an Asian origin, one fifth comes from North America and Africa each. 45 % of species may originate from temperate habitats and 55 % from tropical habitats. In the past banana or other fruit shipments were an important pathway of introduction; today potted plants and probably container shipments in general are more important. Most alien spiders established in and around human buildings, only few species established in natural sites. No environmental impact of alien species is known so far, but some alien species are theoretically dangerous to humans.

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Research Article Tue, 6 Jul 2010 00:00:00 +0300
Alien terrestrial crustaceans (Isopods and Amphipods). Chapter 7.1 https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/1848/ BioRisk 4: 81-96

DOI: 10.3897/biorisk.4.54

Authors: Pierre-Olivier Cochard, Ferenc Vilisics, Emmanuel Sechet

Abstract: A total of 17 terrestrial crustacean species aliens to Europe of which 13 isopods (woodlice) and 4 amphipods (lawn shrimps) have established on the continent. In addition, 21 species native to Europe were introduced in a European region to which they are not native. The establishment of alien crustacean species in Europe slowly increased during the 20th century without any marked changes during the recent decades. Almost all species alien to Europe originate from sub-tropical or tropical areas. Most of the initial introductions were recorded in greenhouses, botanical gardens and urban parks, probably associated with passive transport of soil, plants or compost. Alien woodlice are still confined to urban habitats. Natural habitats have only been colonized by three amphipod species in the family Talitridade.

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Research Article Tue, 6 Jul 2010 00:00:00 +0300
Future trends. Chapter 6 https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/1847/ BioRisk 4: 73-80

DOI: 10.3897/biorisk.4.67

Authors: Jean-Yves Rasplus

Abstract:

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Research Article Tue, 6 Jul 2010 00:00:00 +0300
Impact of alien terrestrial arthropods in Europe. Chapter 5 https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/1846/ BioRisk 4: 51-71

DOI: 10.3897/biorisk.4.42

Authors: Marc Kenis, Manuela Branco

Abstract: This chapter reviews the effects of alien terrestrial arthropods on the economy, society and environment in Europe. Many alien insect and mite species cause serious socio-economic hazards as pests of agriculture, horticulture, stored products and forestry. They may also affect human or animal health. Interestingly, there is relatively little information available on the exact yield and financial losses due to alien agricultural and forestry pests in Europe, particularly at continental scale. Several alien species may have a positive impact on the economy, for example parasitoids and predators introduced for the biological control of important pests. Invasive alien arthropods can also cause environmental hazards. They may affect native biodiversity through various mechanisms, including herbivory, predation, parasitism, competition for resource and space, or as vectors of diseases. They can also affect ecosystem services and processes through cascading effects. However, these ecological impacts are poorly studied, particularly in Europe, where only a handful cases have been reported.

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Research Article Tue, 6 Jul 2010 00:00:00 +0300
Invaded habitats. Chapter 4 https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/1845/ BioRisk 4: 46-50

DOI: 10.3897/biorisk.4.66

Authors: Carlos Lopez-Vaamonde, Milka Glavendekić, Maria Rosa Paiva

Abstract: More than 65% (1040 species) of arthropod species alien to Europe are associated with human-made habitats, especially parks and gardens, human settlements and agricultural lands, whereas woodlands are yet colonized by less than 20% of the alien fauna, which still has a negligible representation in the other natural and semi-natural habitats. Large differences in habitat affinity are observed between alien taxonomic groups. Phytophagous species are predominant among aliens, representing 47.2% of species alien to Europe.

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Research Article Tue, 6 Jul 2010 00:00:00 +0300
Pathways and vectors of alien arthropods in Europe. Chapter 3 https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/1844/ BioRisk 4: 27-43

DOI: 10.3897/biorisk.4.60

Authors: Wolfgang Rabitsch

Abstract: This chapter reviews the pathways and vectors of the terrestrial alien arthropod species in Europe according to the DAISIE-database. The majority of species (1341 spp., 86%) were introduced unintentionally, whereas 218 species (14%) were introduced intentionally, almost all of these for biological control purposes. The horticultural/ornamental-pathway is by far the most important (468 spp., 29%), followed by unintentional escapees (e.g., from greenhouses, 204 spp., 13%), stored product pests (201 spp., 12%), stowaways (95 spp., 6%), forest and crop pests (90 spp. and 70 spp., 6% and 4%). For 431 species (27%), the pathway is unknown. The unaided pathway, describing leading-edge dispersal of an alien species to a new region from a donor region where it is also alien, is expected to be common for arthropods in continental Europe, although not precisely documented in the data. Selected examples are given for each pathway. The spatiotemporal signal in the relevance of pathways and vectors and implications for alien species management and policy options are also discussed. Identifying and tackling pathways is considered an important component of any strategy to reduce propagule pressure of the often small and unintentionally translocated, mega-diverse arthropods. This requires coordination and clear responsibilities for all sectors involved in policy development and for all associated stake-holders.

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Research Article Tue, 6 Jul 2010 00:00:00 +0300
Taxonomy, time and geographic patterns. Chapter 2 https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/1843/ BioRisk 4: 11-26

DOI: 10.3897/biorisk.4.70

Authors: Alain Roques

Abstract: A total of 1590 species of arthropods alien to Europe have already established on the continent, including 226 more or less cosmopolitan species of uncertain origin (cryptogenic). These alien species are dispersed across 33 taxonomic orders, including crustaceans, chilopods, diplopods, pauropods, Symphyla, mites, arachnids, and insects. However, insects largely dominate, accounting for more than 87% of the species, far in excess of mites (6.4%). Three of the insect orders, namely Coleoptera, Hemiptera and Hymenoptera, overall account for nearly 65 % of the total. The alien fauna seems to be highly diverse with a total of 257 families involved, of which 30 have no native representatives. However, just 11 families contribute more than 30 species, mainly aphids, scales and hymenopteran chalcids. For a number of families, the arrival of alien species has significantly modified the composition of the fauna in Europe. Examples are given. The number of new records of aliens per year has increased exponentially since the 16th century, but a significant acceleration was observed since the second half of the 20th century, with an average of 19.6 alien species newly reported per year in Europe between 2000 and 2008. This acceleration appears to be mainly related to the arrival of phytophagous species, probably with the plant trade, whereas the contribution of detritivores, parasitoids and predators has decreased. Some taxa have not shown any acceleration in the rate of arrivals. Asia has supplied the largest number of alien arthropods occurring in Europe (26.7 %), followed by North America (21.9%) but large differences in the region of origin are apparent between taxa. Once established, most alien species have not spread throughout Europe, at least yet, with 43.6 % of the species only present in one or two countries, and less than 1% present in more than 40 countries. Large differences also exist between European countries in the total number of alien arthropods recorded per country. Italy (700 species) and France (690 species), followed by Great Britain (533 species), host many more species than other countries. The number of alien species per country is significantly correlated with socioeconomic and demographic variables.

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Research Article Tue, 6 Jul 2010 00:00:00 +0300
Introduction. Chapter 1 https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/1842/ BioRisk 4: 5-9

DOI: 10.3897/biorisk.4.43

Authors: Wolfgang Nentwig, Melanie Josefsson

Abstract:

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Research Article Tue, 6 Jul 2010 00:00:00 +0300
DAISIE and arthropod invasions in Europe https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/1841/ BioRisk 4: 1-3

DOI: 10.3897/biorisk.4.41

Authors: Philip Hulme, David Roy

Abstract:

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Editorial Tue, 6 Jul 2010 00:00:00 +0300
Tethys returns to the Mediterranean: Success and Limits of Tropical Re-Colonization https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/1826/ BioRisk 3: 5-19

DOI: 10.3897/biorisk.3.30

Authors: Francis Por

Abstract: Many thousands of tropical species have been settling in the Mediterranean during the last decades. This is the result of congruence between the present Climate Optimum, which is expressed in the warming of the sea and the opening of the contact with the Indo-pacific realm through the Suez Canal and a renewed entry through the Straits of Gibraltar. A historical review shows that tropical biota survived in the Mediterranean till the end of the Pliocene Climate Optimum and that presently we are witnessing a re-colonization of the Mediterranean by Tethyan descendants, rather than an invasion by harmful alien species as happens elsewhere. The limits of this resettling as witnessed today are discussed.

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Review Article Mon, 28 Dec 2009 00:00:00 +0200
The effects of climate change on biodiversity: Pressing issues and research priorities https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/1825/ BioRisk 3: 1-4

DOI: 10.3897/biorisk.3.40

Authors: Friedhelm Krupp, Lytton Musselman, Mohammed Kotb, Ilka Weidig

Abstract:

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Editorial Mon, 28 Dec 2009 00:00:00 +0200
Corrigenda: Climatic Risk Atlas of European Butterflies https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/1824/ BioRisk 2: 33-72

DOI: 10.3897/biorisk.2.38

Authors: Josef Settele, Otakar Kudrna, Alexander Harpke, Ingolf Kühn, Chris van Swaay, Rudi Verovnik, Martin Warren, Martin Wiemers, Jan Hanspach, Thomas Hickler, Elisabeth Kühn, Inge van Halder, Kars Veling, Albert Vliegenthart, Irma Wynhoff, Oliver Schweiger

Abstract: In the „Climatic Risk Atlas of European Butterflies” by Settele et al. (2008) some errors occurred for which we apologize and herewith present the corrections.

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Corrigenda Fri, 27 Nov 2009 00:00:00 +0200
Predicting distribution patterns and recent northward range shift of an invasive aquatic plant: Elodea canadensis in Europe https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/1822/ BioRisk 2: 1-32

DOI: 10.3897/biorisk.2.4

Authors: Risto Heikkinen, Niko Leikola, Stefan Fronzek, Raino Lampinen, Heikki Toivonen

Abstract: Climate data and distribution data for the Canadian waterweed Elodea canadensis Michx. from North America, whole Europe and Finland were used to investigate the ability of bioclimatic envelope models to predict the distribution range and recent northward range shift of the species in Europe. Four different main types of models were developed using the North American data, including either three ‘baseline’ climate variables (growing degrees days, temperature of the coldest month, water balance) or an extended set of seven climate variables, both averaged either over a 30 year time slice or a longer 90 year time slice. Ten different random selections of pseudo-absences were generated from the North American data, on the basis of which ten separate generalized additive models (GAMs) were developed for each main model type. All the 40 developed GAMs were applied first to North America and then transferred to whole Europe and Finland. All the models showed a statistically highly significant accuracy in the three study areas. Although the differences among the four main model types were only minor, the two extended model types showed on average statistically better performance than the two baseline models based on Bayesian information criterion (BIC) values, the amount of deviance explained by the models, resubstitution validation and four-fold cross-validation in North America. They also provided slightly more accurate predictions of climatically suitable area for Elodea canadensis in Finland both in 1961–1984 and 1985–2006. However, the projections from the individual extended models were more variable than projections from the baseline models. Thus model predictions based on a variety of predictor variables but only one selection of pseudoabsences may be subject to biases, and outputs from multiple models should be investigated to better account for uncertainties in modelling. Overall, our results suggest that more attention should be paid to the careful selection of predictor variables and the use of multiple pseudo-absence sets in the ecological niche modelling in order to increase the reliability of the projections of the range shifts of invasive species.

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Research Article Fri, 27 Nov 2009 00:00:00 +0200
Climatic Risk Atlas of European Butterflies https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/1821/ BioRisk 1: 1-712

DOI: 10.3897/biorisk.1

Authors: Josef Settele, Otakar Kudrna, Alexander Harpke, Ingolf Kühn, Chris van Swaay, Rudi Verovnik, Martin Warren, Martin Wiemers, Jan Hanspach, Thomas Hickler, Elisabeth Kühn, Inge van Halder, Kars Veling, Albert Vliegenthart, Irma Wynhoff, Oliver Schweiger

Abstract: The overarching aim of the atlas is to communicate the potential risks of climatic change to the future of European butterflies. The main objectives are to: (1) provide a visual aid to discussions on climate change risks and impacts on biodiversity and thus contribute to risk communication as a core element of risk assessment; (2) present crucial data on a large group of species which could help to prioritise conservation efforts in the face of climatic change; (3) reach a broader audience through the combination of new scientific results with photographs of all treated species and some straight forward information about the species and their ecology. The results of this atlas show that climate change is likely to have a profound effect on European butterflies. Ways to mitigate some of the negative impacts are to (1) maintain large populations in diverse habitats; (2) encourage mobility across the landscape; (3) reduce emissions of greenhouse gasses; (4) allow maximum time for species adaptation; (4) conduct further research on climate change and its impacts on biodiversity. The book is a result of long-term research of a large international team of scientists, working at research institutes and non-governmental organizations, many within the framework of projects funded by the European Commission. DOWNLOAD COMPLETE VOLUME [PDF, 46.3 MB] Each chapter may be browsed/downloaded from the links below:0. COVER, TITLE PAGE, CONTENTS [PDF, 608 KB]A. CLIMATE CHANGE, BIODIVERSITY, BUTTERFLIES, AND RISK ASSESSMENT [PDF, 208 KB]B. METHODOLOGY [PDF, 516 KB]C. CLIMATE RISKS OF EUROPEAN BUTTERFLY SPECIES. Introduction and Hesperidae [PDF, 5.6 MB]; Papilionidae [PDF, 1.61 MB]; Pieridae [PDF, 5.0 MB]; Lycaenidae, Riodinidae, Libytheidae [PDF, 12 MB]; Nymphalidae, Danaidae [PDF, 21.2 MB]; Non-modelled species and summary [PDF, 328 KB]D. DISCUSSION OF METHODOLOGICAL LIMITATIONS [PDF, 572 KB]E. OUTLOOK: CLIMATE CHANGE AND BUTTERFLY CONSERVATION [PDF, 228 KB]F. APPENDICES, REFERENCES AND INDEX [PDF, 424 KB]Full-color paperback (EURO 59.00) and/or hardback (EURO 89.00) versions may be ordered at info@pensoft.net.

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Monograph Wed, 3 Dec 2008 00:00:00 +0200