Latest Articles from BioRisk Latest 71 Articles from BioRisk https://biorisk.pensoft.net/ Thu, 28 Mar 2024 22:15:21 +0200 Pensoft FeedCreator https://biorisk.pensoft.net/i/logo.jpg Latest Articles from BioRisk https://biorisk.pensoft.net/ Biomonitoring with bryophytes in managed forested areas. Three examples from the southern Italian Apennines https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/108551/ BioRisk 21: 11-18

DOI: 10.3897/biorisk.21.108551

Authors: Carmine Colacino

Abstract: Three sites in the southern Italian Apennines were selected to assess correlation between forest structure and bryophyte flora. In two of the sites, the Index of Air Purity (IAP)–based on cover data of epiphytic bryophytes–was evaluated. The results show that bryophyte populations–and consequently IAP–are affected by forest structure and development, and that studies including different sites require a precise assessment of silvicultural characteristics to allow comparisons. Indicator values of mosses and liverworts were also taken into consideration in characterizing ecologically the three sites.

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Short Communication Fri, 27 Oct 2023 17:24:38 +0300
Forest habitats of Godech Municipality, Western Bulgaria https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/97534/ BioRisk 20: 153-163

DOI: 10.3897/biorisk.20.97534

Authors: Borislav Grigorov, Nikolay Velev, Assen Assenov, Momchil Nazarov, Beloslava Genova, Kiril Vassilev

Abstract: The current study aims at revealing the forest habitat diversity of Godech Municipality, according to the EUNIS habitat classification. Initial data was collected from the Ministry of Environment and Water and the Forestry Management Plans. Subsequently, 418 vegetation plots (relevés) and 3422 verification points were collected during the fieldwork seasons of 2019 and 2020. The research territory is situated in Western Bulgaria in close proximity to the country’s border with the Republic of Serbia. Forests cover a total of 144.85 km2. Their phytocoenoses are dominated by Fagus sylvatica L. (59.22 km2), Quercus cerris L. (14.85 km2), Carpinus betulus L. (4.94 km2), Quercus dalechampii Ten. (2.39 km2), Q. frainetto Ten. (2.99 km2). There are plantations with Pinus nigra J. F. Arnold (20.87 km2), P. sylvestris L. (16.06 km2) and Picea abies H. Karst (11.65 km2) also. Forests are experiencing some major threats, such as logging, pollution and fires.

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Research Article Mon, 15 May 2023 20:00:12 +0300
The use of boreal relict shrub habitats of willow-leaf meadow sweet (Spiraea salicifolia) and shrubby cinquefoil (Potentilla fruticosa) in Western Rhodope Mts. by mammal species https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/97604/ BioRisk 20: 139-152

DOI: 10.3897/biorisk.20.97604

Authors: Venislava Spasova, Daniela Simeonovska-Nikolova, Krastio Dimitrov, Gabriela Petrova, Kalina Pachedjieva, Rossen Tzonev

Abstract: Plant communities of two peat-shrub species – Spiraea salicifolia and Potentilla fruticosa were studied in the Rhodope Mts., with emphasis on their use as a resource for the mammals associated with them. These shrubs are boreal relicts among the dominant coniferous forests. The field surveys were conducted in the spring-autumn period of 2021–2022. In both study areas, the species composition of the mammals was studied by camera traps for medium and large mammals, and by Sherman live traps for small mammals. The species registered were roe deer (Capreolus capreolus), red fox (Vulpes vulpes), wild boar (Sus scrofa), pine marten (Martes martes), European hare (Lepus europaeus), red squirrel (Sciurus vulgaris), bank vole (Myodes glareolus) and yellow-necked mouse (Apodemus flavicollis). Having in mind that small mammals are vital prey base for avian and mammalian predators, it is not surprising that M. glareolus and A. flavicollis individuals were captured in the habitats that they probably use as shelters. The pine marten inhabits the forests by which the community of P. fruticosa is surrounded, but probably feeds on the rodents in the shrub. In this way, it probably provides it with an alternative to the forest food base and hunting ground. From the presented results, it seems that the L. europaeus uses P. fruticosa shrubs as food. Therefore, the plant communities of the two relict peat-shrub species studied probably provide shelter and food for the mammals. Their importance is established for at least one species of mammal with conservation significance at national and European level – M. martes. Therefore, it is necessary to continue and expand the future monitoring on mammal diversity of these relict communities.

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Research Article Mon, 15 May 2023 20:00:11 +0300
International Seminar of Ecology – 2022 https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/104660/ BioRisk 20: 1-5

DOI: 10.3897/biorisk.20.104660

Authors: Kalina Danova

Abstract:

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Editorial Mon, 15 May 2023 20:00:01 +0300
Studies on the Bulgarian members of the family Chenopodiaceae s. stricto: a review https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/78548/ BioRisk 18: 17-34

DOI: 10.3897/biorisk.18.78548

Authors: Vanya Stoyanova Boneva, Nadezhda Traycheva Petkova

Abstract: The Bulgarian members of Chenopodiaceae are mainly ruderal and weed species; another part are halophytes. Over the last two decades, phylogenetic molecular studies have led to a number of taxonomic changes in the above mentioned family. Changes have also occurred in one of the largest genera – Chenopodium. The aim of the present study is to review the research on Bulgarian members of the Chenopodiaceae family. The data available in the literature on the taxonomic composition, chorology, morphological features and karyological variability of the species from their Bulgarian populations has been studied. A review of the phytochemical studies of Chenopodiaceae plants from their Bulgarian populations has been made. The systematized data is presented in chronological order, which allows for tracing the current level of study on the family in Bulgaria and opportunities for new research.

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Review Article Wed, 27 Apr 2022 11:25:04 +0300
Relocation and formation of new local population of Viola pumila Chaix – an endangered species in Europe and identification of measures for improvement of its habitat https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/76114/ BioRisk 18: 1-16

DOI: 10.3897/biorisk.18.76114

Authors: Maria Zh. Kaschieva, Nikolay P. Nedyalkov

Abstract: The meadow violet (Viola pumila Chaix) is an endangered species which is regionally extinct in many European countries. This is a stenobiontic species with a very limited distribution in Bulgaria. Only a few populations have been detected, and they consist of several tens to several hundreds of specimens. The meadow violet has limited reproductive abilities and weak competitiveness. The species is exposed to various anthropogenic threats, as the most significant of them are related to ploughing, conversion of the mesophilic meadows into arable lands, changes in the water regime of the habitats, the expansion of highly competitive species from the group of tufted cereal grasses and infrastructure construction. To date, information concerning the relocation of rare and endangered plant species in Bulgaria is rather scarce. In the present study we provide a protocol on our activities during a successful establishment of a new locality as part of our effort to successfully relocate one particular population of the meadow violet. The observations made after the relocation of the species over a two-year period (2020 and 2021) provided data on the successful relocation, and the creation of a new locality for the species. We discuss the conservation measures needed for this rare and endangered species, and efforts to increase its population, as well as the measures needed for effective management of the habitats of V. pumila (mainly 6510 “Lowland hay meadows”).

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Research Article Wed, 27 Apr 2022 11:24:36 +0300
Comparative determination of antimicrobial activity of the Balkan endemic species Stachys thracica Davidov during the process of ex situ conservation https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/77484/ BioRisk 17: 357-365

DOI: 10.3897/biorisk.17.77484

Authors: Desislava Mantovska, Detelina Petrova, Lybomira Yocheva, Zhenya Yordanova

Abstract: Stachys thracica Davidov – Thracian woundwort is a Balkan endemic plant included in The Red Data Book of Bulgaria with conservational status “rare”. The plants from genus Stachys have a long history of use to treat various diseases, inflammatory conditions, coughs, ulcers, genital tumors, and infected wounds. Due to its limited distribution the information on the biological activity and chemical composition of S. thracica is rather scarce. The aim of the present research is the comparative determination of the antimicrobial activity of methanolic extracts obtained from in situ wild, in vitro cultivated and ex vitro adapted S. thracica plants. The in vitro shoot culture of the Thracian woundwort was maintained in hormone-free MS medium under controlled environmental conditions. The methanolic extracts from in situ, in vitro cultivated and ex vitro adapted S. thracica plants were active mainly against Gram-negative bacteria. All three extracts showed equal activity against Acinetobacter calcoaceticus. The establishment of in vitro shoot culture and its subsequent adaptation in ex vitro conditions was an appropriate alternative approach for the ex situ conservation of S. thracica as well as for the study of its biological activity.

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Research Article Thu, 21 Apr 2022 19:00:32 +0300
Influence of some environmental factors on the distribution of zooplankton complexes in Mandra Reservoir, in Southeastern Bulgaria https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/77368/ BioRisk 17: 343-355

DOI: 10.3897/biorisk.17.77368

Authors: Eleonora Fikovska, Dimitar Kozuharov, Marieta Stanachkova

Abstract: The aim of the present study was to trace the influence of some environmental factors (w.temperature, wind, transparency, depth) on the distribution of zooplankton communities in the system Reservoir Mandra and the ecotone zones formed at the confluence of rivers Fakiyska, Sredetska, Izvorska and Rusokastrenska. Four samplings were performed at seven sites between February 2020 and January 2021. After determining the species composition and abundance, the results were subjected to structural analysis and Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA). A total of 67 taxa were identified, constituting about 48% of the Rotifera group, 27% of Cladocera and 19% of the Copepoda and only 6% from Protozoa. The Shannon-Weaver index for individual species diversity was between 2.37 and 0.62. The positive and negative correlation of zooplankton distribution in CCA shows that the relative abundance of any species depends on specific environmental variables. Analysis showed that temperature and wind had the strongest impact on the distribution of zooplankton.

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Research Article Thu, 21 Apr 2022 19:00:31 +0300
Pteromalid fauna (Hymenoptera, Pteromalidae) in oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) fields in Bulgaria – species composition and perspectives for biological control https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/77454/ BioRisk 17: 329-342

DOI: 10.3897/biorisk.17.77454

Authors: Ivaylo Todorov, Toshko Ljubomirov, Vlada Peneva

Abstract: Parasitoid wasps belonging to the family Pteromalidae are widespread and abundant members of the insect communities in the temperate regions of the world. As many other chalcids do, pteromalids serve as natural enemies of the pests in various crops and play an important role in the biological control of these harmful insects. Here we present the results of a field study in Bulgaria which was focused on the diversity of family Pteromalidae in ten oilseed rape fields. All samples were collected by sweep netting on the border line or inside the crop field. A total of 93 pteromalid specimens belonging to 26 taxa were gathered. The most abundant genus was Mesopolobus – 67% of the sampled pteromalids. The most numerous species in the samples was Mesopolobus morys – a well-known key parasitoid of the cabbage seed weevil, Ceutorhynchus obstrictus, in Europe. One species – Halticoptera patellana, is recorded for the first time in Bulgarian fauna. Clearfield oilseed rape fields had relatively higher parasitoid abundance and richness than the fields treated by conventional technology. In the present work we discuss the overall species composition of Pteromalidae obtained from the studied areas and present our point of view on the perspectives for biological control of oilseed rape pests.

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Research Article Thu, 21 Apr 2022 19:00:30 +0300
Monitoring bumblebee pollinator visits to the medicinal plant Gentiana asclepiadea L. (Gentianacese) – a comparison between the periods 1990–1994 and 2017–2020 https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/76577/ BioRisk 17: 317-327

DOI: 10.3897/biorisk.17.76577

Authors: Ekaterina Kozuharova, Vasil Simeonov

Abstract: Ever increasing data continue to indicate the decline of bumblebee populations. The key factors causing declines in their abundance and diversity are: 1) habitat destruction, 2) loss of floral resources, 3) emerging diseases, 4) increased use of pesticides (particularly neonicotinoids). The aim of this study is to monitor bumblebee visits to Gentiana asclepiadea L, recording pollinator species, and taking measurements of seed set. This plant species is chosen for two reasons: 1) similar data is available from our previous research in the 1990’s and 2) this montane plant species is supposed to be less exposed to hazards from pesticides and habitat destruction. Three study sites were chosen in Mt. Vitosha (SW Bulgaria) where natural populations of G. asclepiadea occur in 1990. The observations of bumblebee activity in the flowers of G. asclepiadea were conducted during the flowering seasons (August and September) of 2017 – 2020 at the same study sites and compared to the data obtained in the previous period (1990–1994). The free pollination fruit set was tested by monitoring of 100 G. asclepiadea flowers each year for development of fruit capsules. The seed set was tested by counting the matured seeds and non-fertilised ovules of 10 fruit capsules each year. A slight decline in bumblebee activity was recorded in 2017 – 2020 in comparison to 1990–1994. This is reflected in the fruit set and the seed set. Our data demonstrates that even in a mountain habitat, where there are fewer direct hazards to bumblebees, that pollination effectiveness has been suppressed over time. This corresponds to a research study which provides evidence that insect biomass fell by 76% in German nature reserves between 1989 and 2016.

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Research Article Thu, 21 Apr 2022 19:00:29 +0300
Pollinators of Lavandula angustifolia Mill., an important factor for optimal production of lavender essential oil https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/77364/ BioRisk 17: 297-307

DOI: 10.3897/biorisk.17.77364

Authors: Hristo Valchev, Zdravko Kolev, Bilyana Stoykova, Ekaterina Kozuharova

Abstract: Lavender essential oil is widely used in pharmacy, perfumery and the food industry. It is one of the key essential oils in aromatherapy due to its valuable pharmacological properties. The producers of lavender essential oil are well aware that the greatest quantity of oil is obtained near the end of the inflorescence anthesis and that oil quantity is correlated with the pollination as unpollinated flowers drop down. In addition, it has been demonstrated that oil quality is also highest at the end of the flowering period, related to the gradual increase of monoterpenes (particularly the valuable linalool) and the decrease of sesquiterpenes during flower ontogenesis. The aim of this preliminary study was to measure the occurrence of spontaneous self-pollination in Lavandula angustifolia Mill. and to identify external pollinators. The field experiments were performed in a lavender plantation near Gorna Lipnitza Village, north Bulgaria and in the ex-situ lavender collection in the experimental plot of the Botanical Garden of Sofia University. It was revealed that spontaneous self-pollination did not occur in flowers from which external pollinators had been excluded. Exposed flowers were pollinated by polylectic insects, such as honeybees, several species of bumblebees and butterflies. Wild pollinators (particularly bumblebees) dominated over honeybees at both study sites. Our observations showed that all pollinators actively collected nectar. The pollen baskets of most bees were full, indicating the active consolidation of pollen adhering to the pollinators’ bodies. Although lavender growers tend to place beehives in the fields for optimal essential oil production, it is also crucial to conserve wild pollinators.

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Research Article Thu, 21 Apr 2022 19:00:27 +0300
Sexually-manifested variations in pigmentation of Boeckella poppei (Copepoda, Calanoida) from Livingston Island (Maritime Antarctica) https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/75988/ BioRisk 17: 263-269

DOI: 10.3897/biorisk.17.75988

Authors: Ivan Pandourski, Vesela Evtimova, Lyubomir Kenderov

Abstract: Antarctic environments are exposed to high levels of ultraviolet radiation (UVR) that are often detrimental to their biota. Recent studies suggest that the genus Boeckella (Copepoda, Calanoida) has a high level of plasticity in terms of its reaction to UVR, which enables its wide distribution in various water bodies in Antarctica. Boeckella poppei is common in freshwater habitats of all three main biogeographic regions in Antarctica: sub-Antarctic islands, maritime and continental. We present for the first time a specific photoprotective response in populations of B. poppei from Livingston Island, Maritime Antarctica. In non-ovigerous females and in males, we observed uniform distribution of carotenoids in the body, while these pigments were almost entirely concentrated in the ovisacs of mature females. We consider this as a means of progeny protection from the teratogenic influence of the high level of UVR in Antarctic environments. Unequivocally, such adaptation would facilitate the expansion of B. poppei on the continent through colonisation and survival in shallow freshwater habitats. Given that the Antarctic environment is dynamically changing over the past decades and the accelerated retreat of permanent ice cover is a premise for the formation of shallow ponds, B. poppei could be a suitable indicator for reflecting the ongoing global environmental changes in Antarctica.

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Research Article Thu, 21 Apr 2022 19:00:24 +0300
Light and auxin treatments affect morphogenesis and polyphenolics productivity in Artemisia alba Turra cell aggregates in vitro https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/77452/ BioRisk 17: 213-225

DOI: 10.3897/biorisk.17.77452

Authors: Dobrina Pecheva, Kalina Danova

Abstract: Artemisia alba Turra is an essential oil-bearing shrub, with a Euro-Mediterranean distribution widespread in the south-eastern parts of Europe. Phytochemical investigations have evidenced the presence of volatile mono- and sesquiterpene derivatives, as well as non-volatile sesquiterpenoids, flavonoids and phenolic acids contributing to the anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antioxidant and pro-apoptotic activity of different preparations, obtained from the plant. The current research aims at elucidation of the potential for biotechnological polyphenolic compounds productivity of non-differentiated cell lines of the plant. For this purpose, non-differentiated cell aggregates were initiated from either leaf or root explants of the sterile grown plant. They were cultivated either in the dark or at 16/8 h photoperiod in liquid media, supplemented with N6-benzyladenine (BA) as auxin. The cytokinin effects of indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) and 1-naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) were compared. It was established that NAA supplementation was superior to IBA and light treatment – to dark growth conditions in terms of polyphenolics productivity. In addition, NAA supplementation led to better expressed compaction and larger size of the cell aggregates as compared with IBA. The results of the present experiment indicate that secondary metabolites productivity in vitro is a dynamic process closely related to the plant’s growth and development and is in close relation to the interactions of the plant with its environmental conditions.

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Research Article Thu, 21 Apr 2022 19:00:20 +0300
Citizen scientists significantly improve our knowledge on the non-native longhorn beetle Chlorophorus annularis (Fabricius, 1787) (Coleoptera, Cerambycidae) in Europe https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/61099/ BioRisk 16: 1-13

DOI: 10.3897/biorisk.16.61099

Authors: Matthias Seidel, Maren Lüttke, Christian Cocquempot, Katy Potts, Wil J. Heeney, Martin Husemann

Abstract: The Asian bamboo borer Chlorophorus annularis is a beetle species that has been introduced in many countries globally. Originating in Southeast Asia, it can now be found in the Americas, South Africa, the Middle East, Australasia and Europe. The literature record of the species in Europe consists of findings of single individuals usually associated with imported bamboo products. A general European effort in surveying C. annularis was never undertaken, since the overall scientific consensus was that the species cannot establish here. Yet, recent records in Genk, Torhout (Belgium) and in Hamburg (Germany) do not seem directly associated with a recently imported product and hence may indicate otherwise. Such a shortfall in recording commonly imported, potentially invasive species may be counteracted through citizen science initiatives, allowing for continuous, high density monitoring. In this paper we present thirteen new records of the species from five European countries, including two new country records, mostly going back to interested citizen scientists.

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Research Article Tue, 9 Mar 2021 16:44:00 +0200
Predating behavior of the Laughing falcon (Herpetotheres cachinnans) on the venomous Amazonian pit viper Bothrops atrox (the use of roads as a prey source) https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/35953/ BioRisk 14: 25-30

DOI: 10.3897/biorisk.14.35953

Authors: Pablo Medrano-Vizcaíno

Abstract: Aspects about the feeding behavior of the Laughing falcon (Herpetotheres cachinnans)article remain poorly investigated with scarce reports of identified species ingested by this bird. Worse still, information describing how this bird ingests poisonous snakes is not known. Although this falcon eats snakes, there are no reports of feeding on Bothrops atrox. In this work, I describe this predation event and analyze how roads seem to be a potential hunting strategy that H. cachinnans exploit to prey on snakes.

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Short Communication Tue, 2 Jul 2019 09:53:43 +0300
What about biological corridors? A review on some problems of concepts and their management https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/32682/ BioRisk 14: 15-24

DOI: 10.3897/biorisk.14.32682

Authors: Roberto Moreno, Claudia Jimena Guerrero-Jimenez

Abstract: Natural ecosystems are increasingly being affected by climate change and fragmentation, which have a strong impact on biodiversity thus affecting habitats and species diversity of flora and fauna at all levels. As a response to this situation the idea of biological corridors was developed. This review relates the problems associated with the main concepts and definitions of the biological corridors, seeking to highlight the advantages of this tool and describing its potential applicability, and showing the importance of the biological corridors as a solution to improve the conservation of species and so as to support sustainable development in areas of high biodiversity. Examples of biological corridors in several countries are cited and its application guidelines and conservation benefits are described. In conclusion, the need to improve information on habitat and its association with wild species is highlighted through adaptive forestry that is part of a comprehensive management of forest ecosystems. In addition, it is important to monitor the effects of corridors implemented in a feedback process that allows a greater analysis and evaluation of the overall positive effects of their implementation. Finally, some management actions are proposed to improve the conservation of ecosystems.

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Review Article Tue, 4 Jun 2019 13:41:23 +0300
Impact of hydromorphological pressures on the macrophytes bioindicators of the ecological water quality in Mediterranean rivers https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/30319/ BioRisk 14: 1-14

DOI: 10.3897/biorisk.14.30319

Authors: Maissour Abdellah, Benamar Saad

Abstract: One of the important tools to evaluate the ecological quality of surface water is the Macrophytes indices based on the bioindication capacity of aquatic plants. In Mediterranean rivers (France, Spain, and Portugal), the development of some macrophytes indices like l’Indice Biologique Macrophytes Rivières (IBMR), the biological metric score (BMS), as well as the Fluvial Macrophyte Index (IMF) are founded on the determination of the indicator values of the floristic reference lists. The aim of this study was to test the impact of the eco-Mediterranean differences (from one country to another) on the indicator taxa by comparing the indicator values of the Euro‐ Mediterranean macrophyte indices. With this in mind, we explore the possibility of the introduction of the Euro‐Mediterranean macrophytes-based indices in Morocco (i.e. the hydrological basin of Sebou (HBS)) as a part of a preliminary attempt to develop the first Afro-Mediterranean macrophyte index. We confirm that the ecological amplitude and species optima vary between Mediterranean ecoregions, and indicator taxa differ between countries: There are medium to small correlations between Mediterranean indices: IBMR/BMS (p = 0.000, R2 = 0.57), IMF/BMS (p = 0.000, R2 = 0.34), and IBMR/IMF (p = 0.000, R2 = 0.30). Five species exhibit major differences in indicator values: Zannichellia palustris and Potamogeton pectinatus have more eutrophic indicator values in France (IBMR) than in Spain (IMF). Potamogeton nodosus, Amblystegium riparium and Lycopus europaeus have broader ecological amplitudes in Portugal (BMS) than in France (IBMR) and in Spain (IMF), where it is restricted to eutrophic conditions. Furthermore, the three indicator systems include different indicator-taxon numbers. The comparison of the HBS elaborated list with the Euro‐Mediterranean indices revealed the low level of common taxa approximately 6.76% of all indicator species used in the French index (IBMR), 10.48% in the Portuguese index (IMF) and 12.38% in the Spanish index (BMS). These results show the inadequacy of the trophic indices approach with the HBS conditions and thus the need for the development of an index based on biotic indices approach.

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Research Article Thu, 9 May 2019 10:42:55 +0300
Invasion stages and potential distributions of seven exotic terrestrial isopods in Japan https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/23514/ BioRisk 13: 53-76

DOI: 10.3897/biorisk.13.23514

Authors: Shigenori Karasawa, Kensuke Nakata

Abstract: Evaluating potential distribution areas and limiting factors for the distribution of exotic species in invasive regions are essential to identify risks and protect the native ecosystem. However, less research has been conducted on the underground ecosystem than for above-ground. Factors, limiting the distributions of exotic terrestrial isopods, have been identified and their invasive stages and potential distribution areas in Japan evaluated. A database of distribution data has been developed for 17,412 terrestrial isopod specimens in Japan and two ecological niche models constructed using 19 bioclimatic variables; the regional model was calculated using data from Japan (invasive region) only, whereas a combination of data from Japan and North America (invasive regions) and Europe (native region) was used to construct the global model. The global model predicted that annual mean temperature and mean diurnal-temperature range were the important limiting factors for most exotic isopods. It was found that Armadillidium nasatum Budde-Lund, 1833, A. vulgare Latreille, 1804, Haplophthalmus danicus Budde-Lund, 1880, Porcellio laevis Latreille, 1804, P. scaber Latreille, 1804 and Porcellionides pruinosus (Brandt, 1833) were composed of stabilising and colonising populations, which enabled prediction of the future spread of distribution areas for these species in Japan. Porcellio dilatatus Brandt, 1833 was introduced in unstable environments and thus was found in fewer locations.

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Research Article Thu, 15 Mar 2018 10:47:35 +0200
Insect hibernation on urban green land: a winter-adapted mowing regime as a management tool for insect conservation https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/22316/ BioRisk 13: 1-29

DOI: 10.3897/biorisk.13.22316

Authors: Philipp Andreas Unterweger, Jorinde Klammer, Manuela Unger, Oliver Betz

Abstract: Insect conservation is challenging on various ecological scales. One largely neglected aspect is the quality of undisturbed hibernation sites. This study aims to fill a lack of knowledge concerning insect hibernation on uncut meadows persisting in urban green spaces during the winter season in a middle-sized town in south Germany. During two years of sampling, 13,511 insect specimens of the orders Heteroptera, Hymenoptera, Coleoptera and Diptera were caught from their winter stands. The specimens were assigned to 120 families and 140 taxonomic species were determined from the orders Heteroptera, Coleoptera and Diptera and 324 morphotypes from the orders Hymenoptera, Coleoptera and Diptera. The data indicate the importance of winter fallows for insect hibernation. Unmown meadows offer additional plant structures in winter (flower heads, stems, tufts and leaves) that are absent from mown ones. This increased structural diversity results in both higher species diversity and numbers of insect individuals during spring emergence. The results of this study thus emphasise the value of unmown structures for insect conservation and suggest a mosaic-like cutting maintenance of meadows, way- and river-sides and other green infrastructure in both the urban area and the open landscape.

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Research Article Fri, 12 Jan 2018 14:14:23 +0200
Elucidating food plants of the aggregative, synchronously flashing Southeast Asian firefly, Pteroptyx tener Olivier (Coleoptera, Lampyridae) https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/14061/ BioRisk 12: 25-39

DOI: 10.3897/biorisk.12.14061

Authors: Shawn Cheng, Kar-Men Chan, Shah-Fadir Ishak, V. Khoo, M.Y. Chew

Abstract: The aggregative, synchronously flashing firefly, Pteroptyx tener congregates on a nightly basis on Berembang trees (Sonneratia caseolaris) growing along the lower reaches of the Selangor River (West Malaysia). Every night, the males and females of this species engage one another in a pre-mating ritual of flash communication. Little is known of the dietary requirements of the adults of P. tener apart from suggestions that these beetles feed on the nectar and sap of mangrove trees. The drastic reduction in their numbers in recent years has sparked an urgency to understand their dietary needs. Here, we report on a series of probing experiments where we sequenced and analysed DNA fragments obtained from the gut contents of adult P. tener specimens. We detected coding and non-coding chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) gene sequences in the gut DNA extracts of P. tener. One DNA sequence was in reasonably good condition to allow us to match it to the cpDNA sequence of a Malvacean, that is, Heritiera littoralis, a common inhabitant of estuarine habitats. We also detected the DNA sequences of plants (cultivated and natural) that may have come from hamlets or isolated freshwater swamps located further inland. The findings reported here provide early indication that P. tener may be able to travel further inland to search for their hosts. Future research should focus on visually confirming if P. tener feeds on H. littoralis and obtaining a more complete reference DNA database of plants in the firefly habitat.

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Research Article Thu, 17 Aug 2017 13:32:53 +0300
Killer Conservation: the implications of disease on gorilla conservation https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/9941/ BioRisk 11: 1-11

DOI: 10.3897/biorisk.11.9941

Authors: Rhiannon Schultz

Abstract: Human intrigue with the natural world has led to a boom in nature-oriented ecotourism and research endeavors. Some of these projects and programs focus on viewing or studying endangered wildlife, but can have negative implications on wild animal health. Human contact with sensitive habitat and wildlife presents a unique opportunity for the transmission of interspecies disease, which can have traumatic effects on the conservation of endangered species. Nonhuman primates have a relatively high risk of contracting disease from visiting tourists and researchers due to their genetic similarity to humans. Local people living in and around sensitive habitats also pose a potential threat of disease transmission. There are some protocols in place to help alleviate interspecies disease transmission, but many of these protocols are centered on protecting humans rather than nonhuman primates. Using Mountain gorillas as an example, this paper examines the literature and research regarding Mountain gorilla health and welfare in the wild. Drawing on the possible shortcomings of current protocols and the potential health risks of these issues, this paper suggests some avenues for further research and pushes for the development of stronger methods for preventing interspecies disease transmission.

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Research Article Tue, 4 Oct 2016 17:00:34 +0300
How to track genetically modified (GM) plants in the field? The VDI standard method of floristic mapping of GM plants as an efficient tool https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/1897/ BioRisk 8: 89-110

DOI: 10.3897/biorisk.8.4035

Authors: Ulrich Sukopp, Ulf Schmitz

Abstract: The commercial use of genetically modified (GM) organisms is regulated in the EU by law. Thus, monitoring the environmental effects of GM organisms after placement on the market is a mandatory task of the respective consent holder. Since many relevant monitoring procedures lack standardisation, the Association of German Engineers (VDI) has commissioned expert groups with the development of guidelines covering appropriate methodologies. As part of this project, the VDI Guideline 4330 Part 10 was set up (Bleeker et al. 2011) describing a standardised procedure for floristic mapping of spontaneously occurring (non-cultivated) GM crops, their wild potential crossing partners and their hybrid offspring. Areas to be mapped are those where such plants are expected to be found, e.g. on former fields and in the vicinity of current or former fields of GM plants. In the case of transportation, processing or use of GM plants as animal feed, these are areas surrounding the processing, storage, handling and usage facilities, including access routes to and from the facilities. The concept of adverse environmental effects caused by the dispersal and outcrossing of GM plants is briefly introduced. The necessity of floristic mapping in the context of post-market environmental monitoring of GM plants is demonstrated taking oilseed rape as an example. The development of the Guideline VDI 4330 Part 10 is described and its contents are summarised. An important conclusion on the relevance and efficiency of the floristic mapping method is that strict standardisation ensures a high level of EU wide reproducibility and comparability of the results.

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Research Article Thu, 8 Aug 2013 00:00:00 +0300
Soil organisms as an essential element of a monitoring plan to identify the effects of GMO cultivation. Requirements – Methodology – Standardisation https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/1898/ BioRisk 8: 73-87

DOI: 10.3897/biorisk.8.3255

Authors: Andrea Ruf, Anneke Beylich, Theo Blick, Wolfgang Buechs, Frank Glante, Sebastian Hoess, Martina Roß-Nikoll, Liliane Ruess, David J. Russell, Jörg Römke, Heike Seitz, Bernhard Theißen, Andreas Toschki, Cathrin Weinmann, Wiebke Zueghart

Abstract: After a release of genetically modified organisms, monitoring of potential adverse effects on the environment is mandatory. The protocol used for monitoring should be previously tested in practical studies and must be standardised. Moreover, sampling methods and the evaluation of results must meet current scientific and technical standards. Due to their particular role in maintaining soil quality and in a multitude of ecological processes in agro-ecosystems, soil organisms belong to those groups for which VDI guidelines are being developed. The guideline 4331 Part 1 describes fundamental criteria for the selection and sampling of soil organisms for GMO monitoring and gives guidance for sampling design, sampling strategy and statistical evaluation. In the guideline three approaches are followed: (1) a compilation of previously known effects and exposure pathways, (2) a documentation of ecological functions of soil organisms (ecosystem services) as well as (3) a description of characteristic species compositions in the soil. The aim was to develop a selection matrix that helps to choose the appropriate animal groups to be sampled. Besides the habitat type and the ecological relevance, the selection matrix also considers the suitability of animal groups in terms of practical issues and, in specific cases, anticipated effects. Further parts of the guideline 4331 will describe sampling methods for relevant soil animal groups.

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Research Article Thu, 8 Aug 2013 00:00:00 +0300
Monitoring agricultural ecosystems by using wild bees as environmental indicators https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/1899/ BioRisk 8: 53-71

DOI: 10.3897/biorisk.8.3600

Authors: Matthias Schindler, Olaf Diestelhorst, Stephan Haertel, Christoph Saure, Arno Scharnowski, Hans. R. Schwenninger

Abstract: Wild bees are abundant in agricultural ecosystems and contribute significantly to the pollination of many crops. The specialisation of many wild bees on particular nesting sites and food resources makes them sensitive to changing habitat conditions. Therefore wild bees are important indicators for environmental impact assessments. Long-term monitoring schemes to measure changes of wild bee communities in agricultural ecosystems are currently lacking. Here we suggest a highly standardized monitoring approach which combines transect walks and pan traps (bowls). The combination of these two methods provides high sample coverage and reveals data on plant-pollinator interactions. We point out that comprehensive methodical, biological and taxonomical expertise is mandatory. The suggested approach is applicable to diverse monitoring goals in an agricultural context e.g. the impact of land use changes as well as monitoring potential effects of GM crops on wild bees.

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Research Article Thu, 8 Aug 2013 00:00:00 +0300
Standardised methods for the GMO monitoring of butterflies and moths: the whys and hows https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/1901/ BioRisk 8: 15-38

DOI: 10.3897/biorisk.8.3244

Authors: Andreas Lang, Bernhard Theißen, Matthias Dolek

Abstract: Butterflies and moths (Lepidoptera) are correlated with many biotic and abiotic characteristics of the environment, and are widely accepted as relevant protection goals. Adverse effects on butterflies and moths through genetically modified (GM) crops have been demonstrated, by both insect-resistant and herbicide-tolerant events. Thus, Lepidoptera are considered suitable bio-indicators for monitoring the potential adverse effects due to the cultivation of GM crops, and guidelines were developed under the umbrella of the Association of German Engineers VDI (Verein Deutscher Ingenieure), entitled “Monitoring the effects of genetically modified organisms (GMO) – Standardised monitoring of butterflies and moths (Lepidoptera): transect method, light trap and larval survey”. Here, the background and rationale of the VDI guidelines is presented, including a summary of the methods described in the guidelines. Special emphasis is given to the discussion of underlying reasons for the selection and adjustment of the applied methodology with respect to the GMO monitoring of day-active Lepidoptera, of night-active moths and of the recording of lepidopteran larvae, as well as to sample design and strategy. Further aspects possibly interfering with monitoring quality are treated such as landscape patterns, low species number and abundance in agro-ecosystems, or high year-to-year fluctuations of populations of Lepidoptera. Though specifically designed for GM crops, the VDI guidelines may also serve as a template to monitor the effects of a wider range of adverse factors on Lepidoptera in agriculture.

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Research Article Thu, 8 Aug 2013 00:00:00 +0300
Abbreviations and glossary of technical terms used in the book https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/1870/ BioRisk 4: 1023-1028

DOI: 10.3897/biorisk.4.71

Authors: Alain Roques, David Lees

Abstract:

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Research Article Tue, 6 Jul 2010 00:00:00 +0300
Introductory notes to factsheets. Chapter 14 https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/1869/ BioRisk 4: 855-1021

DOI: 10.3897/biorisk.4.69

Authors: Alain Roques

Abstract: Among the 1590 terrestrial arthropod species alien to Europe identified in this book, 78 were selected to produce specific factsheets in order to provide more information on their biology, distribution and impact. We included two more species which are alien in Europe, the horse-chestnut leaf miner (Cameraria ohridella) and the African cotton leafworm (Spodoptera littoralis) because of their importance. These 80 species are perhaps not the most important alien invaders, but they are rather representatives of the main taxonomic groups of alien terrestrial arthropods. They were selected so as to represent different pathways of introduction and diverse impacts on ecosystems, economic activities and human and animal health. These species include two myriapods, one spider, one mite, 18 coleopterans, seven dipterans, 23 hemipterans, 10 hymenopterans, one termite, 14 lepidopterans, and three thrips. Each factsheet includes information on the following aspects: Description and biological cycle: A brief description of adults and immature stages is given, whenever possible illustrated by a photograph, to help the reader identify the species. Further information details the general characteristics of the biological cycle in the invaded area, especially the species' potential to reproduce and the hosts it has colonized. Native habitat: The factsheet includes the habitat type where the species is found in its native range. In order to make habitat types comparable among taxa, we adopted the classification of the European Nature Information System (EUNIS) database (http://eunis.eea.europa.eu). The habitat type codes are detailed in Appendix II. When information was available, we included specific habitat requirements which may help understand the potential of the species to establish and spread in Europe. Habitat occupied in invaded range: The different habitats colonized by the alien species are described as for native habitats. Native range: The native distribution of the species is described. For some species, there is very precise information available, but for others, only brief details of a region or even continent can be given. Introduced range: The date of the first record in Europe and the location of this record is given, as well as details of the process of dispersion in the continent when available. A distribution map is supplied for all species. For most of them, presence/ absence data have been obtained only at country level, but for a few species, more detailed maps are given to show the distribution at regional scale. However, the missing occurrence of species from some countries does not always mean that these countries are not colonized, but may rather result from a lack of data for the country concerned. The map also indicates eradication records where relevant. Pathways: We included information on the routes of introduction to Europe, and the potential of the species to disperse within the continent once it has established. Impact and management: This section details the importance of the species' impacts in the colonized habitats. Both ecological and economical impacts are detailed when known. Practical advice where known is given regarding mechanical, chemical and biological control methods. Selected references: Three of the most relevant references to the history of the species' introduction and spread in Europe are given.

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Research Article Tue, 6 Jul 2010 00:00:00 +0300
Springtails and Silverfishes (Apterygota). Chapter 13.5 https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/1868/ BioRisk 4: 851-854

DOI: 10.3897/biorisk.4.47

Authors: Jürg Zettel

Abstract: The alien fauna of Apterygota is still limited in Europe. Springtails (Collembolla) alien to Europe include only three species to which add a cryptogenic one. Two nowadays cosmopolitan species of silverfishes may originate from Central America. The reasons of this limited colonisation of Europe are briefly discussed.

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Research Article Tue, 6 Jul 2010 00:00:00 +0300
Lice and Fleas (Phthiraptera and Siphonaptera). Chapter 13.4 https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/1867/ BioRisk 4: 833-849

DOI: 10.3897/biorisk.4.65

Authors: Marc Kenis, Alain Roques

Abstract: A total of 31 Phthiraptera species alien to Europe are listed. They include 24 chewing lice and seven sucking lice of 12 different families. The families Goniodidae (Ischnocera) and Menoponidae (Amblycera) largely dominate the alien entomofauna of chewing lice. Asia is the major supplier of alien Phthiraptera which are mostly associated with poultry farming, game birds, guinea pigs and invasive alien mammals. The recent period did not show any acceleration in alien arrival in Europe. Alien fleas include six species in the families Pulicidae and Ceratophyllidae. Three of them are primarily associated with rats and are capable of transmiting major human diseases such as the bubonic plague and the murine typhus.

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Research Article Tue, 6 Jul 2010 00:00:00 +0300
Dictyoptera (Blattodea, Isoptera), Orthoptera, Phasmatodea and Dermaptera. Chapter 13.3 https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/1866/ BioRisk 4: 807-831

DOI: 10.3897/biorisk.4.68

Authors: Jean-Yves Rasplus, Alain Roques

Abstract: For convenience, we treat all “polyneopteran” orders together. Five orders of hemimetabolous “Polyneoptera” include species alien to Europe, namely Blattodea, Isoptera, Orthoptera, Phasmatodea and Dermaptera. A total of 37 species alien to Europe have been recorded. These belong to 14 different families. Most of these species show a detritivorous feeding regime (22 spp.), whereas 12 species are phytophagous and two are predators. The majority of species were first observed between 1900 and 1975. Unlike other arthropod groups, the mean number of polyneopteran species newly recorded per year showed no acceleration since 1975. The alien “Polyneoptera” mostly originated from Central/South America and Asia (10 species each, 27.0%), followed by Africa (7, 18.9%). Germany hosts the largest number of alien Polyneoptera (15 spp.), followed by Denmark (14), Spain (11) and France (10). All but one alien species represent unintentional introductions. More than 75% of the species are associated with artificial habitats (houses, buildings and greenhouses) and cultivated areas. Blattodea and Isoptera have huge economic and/or medical importance. The cost of treatments and sanitary measures against termites and cockroaches, in particular, is significant in Europe.

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Research Article Tue, 6 Jul 2010 00:00:00 +0300
Psocids (Psocoptera). Chapter 13.2 https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/1865/ BioRisk 4: 793-805

DOI: 10.3897/biorisk.4.46

Authors: Nico Schneider

Abstract: Among the 231 species of Psocoptera present in Europe, 49 (21.2%) are considered to be of alien origin. They include 29 exotic introduced species and 20 cryptogenic species. Most of the exotic species originated from tropical and subtropical areas, essentially from Africa. Many of them are food pests, moving along with stored products. Thirty-nine of these species occur in buildings in Europe.

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Research Article Tue, 6 Jul 2010 00:00:00 +0300
Thrips (Thysanoptera). Chapter 13.1 https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/1864/ BioRisk 4: 767-791

DOI: 10.3897/biorisk.4.59

Authors: Philippe Reynaud

Abstract: Thrips (Order Thysanoptera) are found worldwide and include almost 6000 species. Several of them are notorious for causing extensive crop damage (by feeding on leaf tissue or by vectoring viral disease). Their small size (usually less than 2 millimeters) and cryptic habits have facilited invasions and establishment in Europe in the wild or in greenhouses. Fifty-two alien species, belonging to four families have been recorded within Europe. Species introduced before 1950 mostly originate from America, tropical and subtropical areas and subsequent arrivals generally originate from Asia (and from America to some extent). Five countries host more than 30% of the European alien thrips fauna and two alien thrips occur in more than 50% of the countries and islands of Europe.

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Research Article Tue, 6 Jul 2010 00:00:00 +0300
Hymenoptera. Chapter 12 https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/1863/ BioRisk 4: 669-776

DOI: 10.3897/biorisk.4.55

Authors: Jean-Yves Rasplus, Claire Villemant, Maria Rosa Paiva, Gérard Delvare, Alain Roques

Abstract: We present the first review of Hymenoptera alien to Europe. Our study revealed that nearly 300 species of Hymenoptera belonging to 30 families have been introduced to Europe. In terms of alien species diversity within invertebrate orders, this result ranks Hymenoptera third following Coleoptera and Hemiptera. Two third of alien Hymenoptera are parasitoids or hyperparasitoids that were mostly introduced for biological control purposes. Only 35 phytophagous species, 47 predator species and 3 species of pollinators have been introduced. Six families of wasps (Aphelinidae, Encyrtidae, Eulophidae, Braconidae, Torymidae, Pteromalidae) represent together with ants (Formicidae) about 80% of the alien Hymenoptera introduced to Europe. The three most diverse families are Aphelinidae (60 species representing 32% of the Aphelinid European fauna), Encyrtidae (55) and Formicidae (42) while the Chalcidoidea together represents 2/3 of the total Hymenoptera species introduced to Europe. The first two families are associated with mealybugs, a group that also included numerous aliens to Europe. In addition, they are numerous cases of Hymenoptera introduced from one part of Europe to another, especially from continental Europe to British Islands. These introductions mostly concerned phytophagous or gall-maker species (76 %), less frequently parasitoids. The number of new records of alien Hymenoptera per year has shown an exponential increase during the last 200 years. The number of alien species introduced by year reached a maximum of 5 species per year between 1975 and 2000. North America provided the greatest part of the hymenopteran species alien to Europe (96 species, 35.3%), followed by Asia (84 species, 30.9%) and Africa (49 species, 18%). Three Mediterranean countries (only continental parts) hosted the largest number of alien Hymenoptera: Italy (144 spp.), France (111 spp.) and Spain (90 spp.) but no correlation was found with the area of countries. Intentional introduction, mostly for biological control, has been the main pathway of introduction for Hymenoptera. Consequently, the most invaded habitats are agricultural and horticultural as well as greenhouses. To the contrary, Hymenoptera alien in Europe are mostly associated with woodland and forest habitats. Ecological and economic impacts of alien Hymenoptera have been poorly studied. Ants have probably displaced native species and this is also true for introduced parasitoids that are suspected to displace native parasitoids by competition, but reliable examples are still scarce. The cost of these impacts has never been estimated.

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Research Article Tue, 6 Jul 2010 00:00:00 +0300
Lepidoptera. Chapter 11 https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/1862/ BioRisk 4: 603-668

DOI: 10.3897/biorisk.4.50

Authors: Carlos Lopez-Vaamonde, David Agassiz, Sylvie Augustin, Jurate De Prins, Willy De Prins, Stanislav Gomboc, Povilas Ivinskis, Ole Karsholt, Athanasios Koutroumpas, Fotini Koutroumpa, Zdeněk Laštůvka, Eduardo Marabuto, Elisenda Olivella, Lukasz Przybylowicz, Alain Roques, Nils Ryrholm, Hana Sefrova, Peter Sima, Ian Sims, Sergey Sinev, Bjarne Skulev, Rumen Tomov, Alberto Zilli, David Lees

Abstract: We provide a comprehensive overview of those Lepidopteran invasions to Europe that result from increasing globalisation and also review expansion of species within Europe. A total of 97 non-native Lepidoptera species (about 1% of the known fauna), in 20 families and 11 superfamilies have established so far in Europe, of which 30 alone are Pyraloidea. In addition, 88 European species in 25 families have expanded their range within Europe and around 23% of these are of Mediterranean or Balkan origin, invading the north and west. Although a number of these alien species have been in Europe for hundreds of years, 74% have established during the 20th century and arrivals are accelerating, with an average of 1.9 alien Lepidoptera newly established per year between 2000–2007. For 78 aliens with a known area of origin, Asia has contributed 28.9%, Africa (including Macaronesian islands, Canaries, Madeira and Azores) 21.6%, North America 16.5%, Australasia 7.2% and the neotropics just 5.2%. The route for almost all aliens to Europe is via importation of plants or plant products. Most alien Lepidoptera established in Europe are also confined to man-made habitats, with 52.5% occuring in parks and gardens. We highlight four species in particular, Diaphania perspectalis, Cacyreus marshalli, Cameraria ohridella and Paysandisia archon, as the most important current economic threats.

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Research Article Tue, 6 Jul 2010 00:00:00 +0300
Diptera. Chapter 10 https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/1861/ BioRisk 4: 553-602

DOI: 10.3897/biorisk.4.53

Authors: Marcela Skuhravá, Michel Martinez, Alain Roques

Abstract: Of the 19,400 native species and 125 families forming the European diptera fauna, 98 species (less than 0.5%) in 22 families are alien to Europe. These aliens constitute 66 species (18 families) of the suborder Brachycera and 32 species (4 families) of the suborder Nematocera. By family in this category, there are 23 Cecidomyiidae species, 18 Drosophilidae, nine Phoridae, eight Tachinidae and seven Culicidae. Another 32 fly species belonging to five families are considered to be alien in Europe. These invasives native to other European countries are composed of 14 species of Cecidomyiidae, seven Syrphidae, five Culicidae and three species each of Anthomyiidae and Tephritidae. The date of the first record in Europe is known for 84 alien species. Arrivals of alien species of Diptera have accelerated rapidly since the second half of the 20th century. North America appears to be the dominant contributor of the alien flies. The majority of alien Diptera were introduced into or within Europe unintentionally, with only three predators released intentionally for biological control. Alien Diptera are predominantly phytophagous (35.6%), while a lesser portion are zoophagous (28.6%) or detrivorous/mycetophagous (29.6%). Ecological impacts on native fauna and flora have not been documented for any of the alien species established in Europe. However, 14 alien species have economic impacts on crops.

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Research Article Tue, 6 Jul 2010 00:00:00 +0300
Other Hemiptera Sternorrhyncha (Aleyrodidae, Phylloxeroidea, and Psylloidea) and Hemiptera Auchenorrhyncha. Chapter 9.4 https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/1860/ BioRisk 4: 511-552

DOI: 10.3897/biorisk.4.63

Authors: David Mifsud, Christian Cocquempot, Roland Mühlethaler, Mike Wilson, Jean-Claude Streito

Abstract: Apart from aphids and scales, 52 additional Sternorrhyncha hemipteran species alien to Europe have been identified within Aleyrodidae (27 whitefly species), Phylloxeroidea (9 adelgids, 2 phylloxerans) and Psylloidea (14 species of jumping plant-lice) in addition to 12 Auchenorrhyncha species (mostly Cicadellidae- 8 species). At present, the alien species represent 39% of the total whitefly fauna and 36% of the total adelgid fauna occuring in Europe. The proportion is insignificant in the other groups. The arrival of alien phylloxerans and adelgids appeared to peak during the first part of the 20th century. In contrast, the mean number of new records per year of alien aleyrodids, psylloids and Auchenorrhyncha increased regularly after the 1950s. For these three groups, an average of 0.5–0.6 new alien species has been recorded per year in Europe since 2000. The region of origin of the alien species largely differs between the different groups. Alien aleyrodids and psylloids mainly originated from tropical regions whilst the adelgids and phylloxerans came equally from North America and Asia. A major part of the alien Auchenorrhyncha originated from North American. Most of these alien species are presently observed in man-made habitats, especially in parks and gardens but alien adelgids are mainly observed in forests because of their association with conifer trees used for afforestation.

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Research Article Tue, 6 Jul 2010 00:00:00 +0300
Scales (Hemiptera, Superfamily Coccoidea). Chapter 9.3 https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/1859/ BioRisk 4: 475-510

DOI: 10.3897/biorisk.4.45

Authors: Giuseppina Pellizzari, Jean-François Germain

Abstract: Scale insects are frequent invaders. With 129 established species, they numerically represent one of the major group of insects alien to Europe. Scales are usually small insects with wingless females. Due to this small size and concealment, many species, mainly belonging to the families Diaspididae, Pseudococcidae and Pseudococcidae, have been accidentally introduced to Europe, mostly originating from tropical regions and essentially from Asia. The trade of fruit trees and ornamentals appears to be the usual pathway of introduction. At present, alien scales represent an important component of the European entomofauna, accounting for about 30% of the total scale fauna.

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Research Article Tue, 6 Jul 2010 00:00:00 +0300
Aphids (Hemiptera, Aphididae) Chapter 9.2 https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/1858/ BioRisk 4: 435-474

DOI: 10.3897/biorisk.4.57

Authors: Armelle Coeur d’Acier, Nicolás Pérez-Hidalgo, Olivera Petrović-Obradović

Abstract: Our study aimed at providing a comprehensive list of Aphididae alien to Europe. A total of 98 species originating from other continents have established so far in Europe, to which we add 4 cosmopolitan species of uncertain origin (cryptogenic). The 102 alien species of Aphididae established in Europe belong to 12 different subfamilies, five of them contributing by more than 5 species to the alien fauna. Most alien aphids originate from temperate regions of the world. There was no significant variation in the geographic origin of the alien aphids over time. The average introduction rate was 0.5 species per year since 1800. The mean number of newly recorded species per year decreased since 2000 but this pattern may change in the following years.

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Research Article Tue, 6 Jul 2010 00:00:00 +0300
True Bugs (Hemiptera, Heteroptera). Chapter 9.1 https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/1857/ BioRisk 4: 407-433

DOI: 10.3897/biorisk.4.44

Authors: Wolfgang Rabitsch

Abstract: The inventory of the alien Heteroptera of Europe includes 16 species alien to Europe, 25 species alien in Europe and 7 cryptogenic species. This is approximately 1.7 % of the Heteroptera species occurring in Europe. Most species belong to Miridae (20 spp.), Tingidae (8 spp.), and Anthocoridae (7 spp.). The rate of introductions has exponentially increased within the 20th century and since 1990 an approximate arrival rate of seven species per decade has been observed. Most of the species alien to Europe are from North America, almost all of the species alien in Europe originate in the Mediterranean region and were translocated to central and northern Europe. Most alien Heteroptera species are known from Central and Western Europe (Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Great Britain). Ornamental trade and movement as stowaways with transport vehicles are the major pathways for alien Heteroptera. Most alien Heteroptera colonize habitats under strong human influence, like agricultural, horticultural, and domestic habitats, parks and gardens. A few species prefer woodland including plantations of non-native forest trees. Impacts of alien Heteroptera in Europe are poorly investigated. A few species are considered pests in agriculture, forestry, or on ornamentals. More research is needed for a better understanding of the ecological and economic effects of introduced Heteroptera.

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Research Article Tue, 6 Jul 2010 00:00:00 +0300
Coleoptera families other than Cerambycidae, Curculionidae sensu lato, Chrysomelidae sensu lato and Coccinelidae. Chapter 8.5 https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/1856/ BioRisk 4: 315-406

DOI: 10.3897/biorisk.4.61

Authors: Olivier Denux, Pierre Zagatti

Abstract: Here we consider 274 alien Coleoptera species belonging to 41 of the 137 beetle families in Europe (Cerambycidae, Curculionidae sensu lato, Chrysomelidae sensu lato and Coccinelidae are treated separately elsewhere). Among the families we consider asinvaded the European fauna, Acanthocnemidae and Ptilodactylidae represent new arrivals. Many species-rich families have surprisingly few aliens, whereas some relatively minor families such as Dermestidae, Nitidulidae and Anobiidae have a relatively high representation of alien species. Since the start of the 19th century, the number of coleopteran aliens introduced into Europe has continued to increase. Alien species colonizing Europe derive from a wide range of geographic regions as well as ecozones, but the most important source area is Asia. The countries with the largest number of alien species established are France, Germany and Italy. The majority have been introduced accidentally via international transport mechanisms. The most important route for importation is stored products and crops, followed by transport of wood, then horticultural and ornamental plants. Most alien species in these families are found within anthropogenic habitats in Europe. The introduction of invasive alien beetles in these families has had significant economic impacts, particularly as pests of stored foodstuffs, as well as serious ecological impacts. For example, the buprestid species Agrilus planipennis, recently recorded in Russia, is an important potential economic threat which may also impact the biodiversity associated with ash trees.

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Research Article Tue, 6 Jul 2010 00:00:00 +0300
Ladybeetles (Coccinellidae). Chapter 8.4 https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/1855/ BioRisk 4: 293-313

DOI: 10.3897/biorisk.4.49

Authors: Helen Roy, Alain Migeon

Abstract: The majority of Coccinellidae are beneficial predators and they have received considerable research attention because of their potential as biological control agents. Indeed the role of coccinellids as predators of pest insects has been a major factor in the movement of coccinellids between countries. The commercial production of coccinellids by biological control companies and local producers led to a rapid increase in distribution thoughout the 1990’s. To date, 13 alien coccinellid species have been documented in Europe; 11 of these are alien to Europe (two are alien to Great Britain and Sweden but native within Europe). The distribution of alien coccinellids in Europe mirrors the biogeographical distribution and patterns of introduction. Some species have dispersed widely; Harmonia axyridis has spread rapidly from countries where it was deliberately introduced to many others across Europe. The ecological and economic impacts of alien coccinellids are not well documented. In this chapter we provide an overview of the temporal and spatial patterns of alien coccinellids in Europe.

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Research Article Tue, 6 Jul 2010 00:00:00 +0300
Leaf and Seed Beetles (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae). Chapter 8.3 https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/1854/ BioRisk 4: 267-292

DOI: 10.3897/biorisk.4.52

Authors: Ron Beenen, Alain Roques

Abstract: The inventory of the leaf and seed beetles alien to Europe revealed a total of 25 species of which 14 seed beetles (bruchids) and 11 leaf beetles mostly belonging to the subfamilies Alticinae and Chrysomelinae. At present, aliens account for 9.4% of the total fauna of seed beetles in Europe whereas this percentage is less than 1% for leaf beetles. Whilst seed beetles dominated the introductions in Europe until 1950, there has been an exponential increase in the rate of arrival of leaf beetles since then. New leaf beetles arrived at an average rate of 0.6 species per year during the period 2000–2009. Most alien species originated from Asia but this pattern is mainly due to seed beetles of which a half are of Asian origin whereas leaf beetles predominantly originated from North America (36.4%). Unlike other insect groups, a large number of alien species have colonized most of Europe. All but one species have been introduced accidentally with either the trade of beans or as contaminants of vegetal crops or stowaway. Most aliens presently concentrate in man-made habitats but little affect natural habitats (<6%). Highly negative economic impacts have been recorded on stored pulses of legumes and crops but very little is known about possible ecological impact.

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Research Article Tue, 6 Jul 2010 00:00:00 +0300
Weevils and Bark Beetles (Coleoptera, Curculionoidea). Chapter 8.2 https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/1853/ BioRisk 4: 219-266

DOI: 10.3897/biorisk.4.64

Authors: Daniel Sauvard, Manuela Branco, Ferenc Lakatos, Massimo Faccoli, Lawrence Kirkendall

Abstract: We record 201 alien curculionoids established in Europe, of which 72 originates from outside Europe. Aliens to Europe belong to five families, but four-fifth of them are from family Curculionidae. Many families and subfamilies, among which species-rich ones, have few representatives among alien curculionoids, whereas some others are over-represented; these latter, Dryophthoridae, Cossoninae and specially Scolytinae, all contains many xylophagous species. The number of new records of alien species increases continuously, with an acceleration during the last decades. Aliens to Europe originate from all parts of the world, but mainly Asia; few alien curculionoids originate from Africa. Italy and France host the largest number of alien to Europe. The number of aliens per country decreases eastwards, but is mainly correlated with importations amount and, secondary, with warm climates. All alien curculionoids have been introduced accidentally via international shipping. Wood and seed borers are specially liable to human-mediated dispersal due to their protected habitat. Alien curculionoids mainly attack stems, and half of them are xylophagous. The majority of alien curculionoids live in human-modified habitats, but many species live in forests and other natural or semi-natural habitats. Several species are pests, among which grain feeders as Sitophilus sp. are the most damaging.

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Research Article Tue, 6 Jul 2010 00:00:00 +0300
Longhorn beetles (Coleoptera, Cerambycidae). Chapter 8.1 https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/1852/ BioRisk 4: 193-218

DOI: 10.3897/biorisk.4.56

Authors: Christian Cocquempot, Åke Lindelöw

Abstract: A total of 19 alien longhorn beetle species have established in Europe where they presently account for ca. 2.8 % of the total cerambycid fauna. Most species belong to the subfamilies Cerambycinae and Laminae which are prevalent in the native fauna as well. The alien species mainly established during the period 1975-1999, arriving predominantly from Asia. France, Spain and Italy are by far the most invaded countries. All species have been introduced accidentally. Wood-derived products such as wood- packaging material and palettes, plants for planting, and bonsais constitute invasive pathways of increasing importance. However, only few species have yet colonized natural habitats outside parks and gardens. Present ecological and economical impacts, and future trends are discussed.

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Research Article Tue, 6 Jul 2010 00:00:00 +0300
Mites and ticks (Acari). Chapter 7.4 https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/1851/ BioRisk 4: 149-192

DOI: 10.3897/biorisk.4.58

Authors: Maria Navajas, Alain Migeon, Agustin Estrada-Peña, Anne-Catherine Mailleux, Pablo Servigne, Radmila Petanović

Abstract: The inventory of the alien Acari of Europe includes 96 species alien to Europe and 5 cryptogenic species. Among the alien species, 87 are mites and 9 tick species. Besides ticks which are obligate ectoparasites, 14 mite species belong to the parasitic/predator regime. Among these species, some invaded Europe with rodents (8 spp.) and others are parasitic to birds (2 spp). The remaining 77 mite species are all phytophagous and among these 40% belong to the Eriophyidae (37 spp.) and 29% to the Tetranychidae (27 spp.) families. These two families include the most significant agricultural pest. The rate of introductions has exponentially increased within the 20th century, the amplification of plant trade and agricultural commodities movements being the major invasion pathways. Most of the alien mite species (52%) are from North America, Asia (25%), and Central and South America (10%). Half of the ticks (4 spp.) alien to Europe originated from Africa. Most of the mite species are inconspicuous and data regarding invasive species and distribution range is only partially available. More research is needed for a better understanding of the ecological and economic effects of introduced Acari.

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Research Article Tue, 6 Jul 2010 00:00:00 +0300
Spiders (Araneae). Chapter 7.3 https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/1850/ BioRisk 4: 131-147

DOI: 10.3897/biorisk.4.48

Authors: Wolfgang Nentwig, Manuel Kobelt

Abstract: A total of 47 spider species are alien to Europe; this corresponds to 1.3 % of the native spider fauna. They belong to (in order of decreasing abundance) Theridiidae (10 species), Pholcidae (7 species), Sparassidae, Salticidae, Linyphiidae, Oonopidae (4-5 species each) and 11 further families. There is a remarkable increase of new records in the last years and the arrival of one new species for Europe per year has been predicted for the next decades. One third of alien spiders have an Asian origin, one fifth comes from North America and Africa each. 45 % of species may originate from temperate habitats and 55 % from tropical habitats. In the past banana or other fruit shipments were an important pathway of introduction; today potted plants and probably container shipments in general are more important. Most alien spiders established in and around human buildings, only few species established in natural sites. No environmental impact of alien species is known so far, but some alien species are theoretically dangerous to humans.

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Research Article Tue, 6 Jul 2010 00:00:00 +0300
Alien terrestrial crustaceans (Isopods and Amphipods). Chapter 7.1 https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/1848/ BioRisk 4: 81-96

DOI: 10.3897/biorisk.4.54

Authors: Pierre-Olivier Cochard, Ferenc Vilisics, Emmanuel Sechet

Abstract: A total of 17 terrestrial crustacean species aliens to Europe of which 13 isopods (woodlice) and 4 amphipods (lawn shrimps) have established on the continent. In addition, 21 species native to Europe were introduced in a European region to which they are not native. The establishment of alien crustacean species in Europe slowly increased during the 20th century without any marked changes during the recent decades. Almost all species alien to Europe originate from sub-tropical or tropical areas. Most of the initial introductions were recorded in greenhouses, botanical gardens and urban parks, probably associated with passive transport of soil, plants or compost. Alien woodlice are still confined to urban habitats. Natural habitats have only been colonized by three amphipod species in the family Talitridade.

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Research Article Tue, 6 Jul 2010 00:00:00 +0300
Future trends. Chapter 6 https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/1847/ BioRisk 4: 73-80

DOI: 10.3897/biorisk.4.67

Authors: Jean-Yves Rasplus

Abstract:

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Research Article Tue, 6 Jul 2010 00:00:00 +0300
Impact of alien terrestrial arthropods in Europe. Chapter 5 https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/1846/ BioRisk 4: 51-71

DOI: 10.3897/biorisk.4.42

Authors: Marc Kenis, Manuela Branco

Abstract: This chapter reviews the effects of alien terrestrial arthropods on the economy, society and environment in Europe. Many alien insect and mite species cause serious socio-economic hazards as pests of agriculture, horticulture, stored products and forestry. They may also affect human or animal health. Interestingly, there is relatively little information available on the exact yield and financial losses due to alien agricultural and forestry pests in Europe, particularly at continental scale. Several alien species may have a positive impact on the economy, for example parasitoids and predators introduced for the biological control of important pests. Invasive alien arthropods can also cause environmental hazards. They may affect native biodiversity through various mechanisms, including herbivory, predation, parasitism, competition for resource and space, or as vectors of diseases. They can also affect ecosystem services and processes through cascading effects. However, these ecological impacts are poorly studied, particularly in Europe, where only a handful cases have been reported.

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Research Article Tue, 6 Jul 2010 00:00:00 +0300
Invaded habitats. Chapter 4 https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/1845/ BioRisk 4: 46-50

DOI: 10.3897/biorisk.4.66

Authors: Carlos Lopez-Vaamonde, Milka Glavendekić, Maria Rosa Paiva

Abstract: More than 65% (1040 species) of arthropod species alien to Europe are associated with human-made habitats, especially parks and gardens, human settlements and agricultural lands, whereas woodlands are yet colonized by less than 20% of the alien fauna, which still has a negligible representation in the other natural and semi-natural habitats. Large differences in habitat affinity are observed between alien taxonomic groups. Phytophagous species are predominant among aliens, representing 47.2% of species alien to Europe.

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Research Article Tue, 6 Jul 2010 00:00:00 +0300
Pathways and vectors of alien arthropods in Europe. Chapter 3 https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/1844/ BioRisk 4: 27-43

DOI: 10.3897/biorisk.4.60

Authors: Wolfgang Rabitsch

Abstract: This chapter reviews the pathways and vectors of the terrestrial alien arthropod species in Europe according to the DAISIE-database. The majority of species (1341 spp., 86%) were introduced unintentionally, whereas 218 species (14%) were introduced intentionally, almost all of these for biological control purposes. The horticultural/ornamental-pathway is by far the most important (468 spp., 29%), followed by unintentional escapees (e.g., from greenhouses, 204 spp., 13%), stored product pests (201 spp., 12%), stowaways (95 spp., 6%), forest and crop pests (90 spp. and 70 spp., 6% and 4%). For 431 species (27%), the pathway is unknown. The unaided pathway, describing leading-edge dispersal of an alien species to a new region from a donor region where it is also alien, is expected to be common for arthropods in continental Europe, although not precisely documented in the data. Selected examples are given for each pathway. The spatiotemporal signal in the relevance of pathways and vectors and implications for alien species management and policy options are also discussed. Identifying and tackling pathways is considered an important component of any strategy to reduce propagule pressure of the often small and unintentionally translocated, mega-diverse arthropods. This requires coordination and clear responsibilities for all sectors involved in policy development and for all associated stake-holders.

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Research Article Tue, 6 Jul 2010 00:00:00 +0300
Taxonomy, time and geographic patterns. Chapter 2 https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/1843/ BioRisk 4: 11-26

DOI: 10.3897/biorisk.4.70

Authors: Alain Roques

Abstract: A total of 1590 species of arthropods alien to Europe have already established on the continent, including 226 more or less cosmopolitan species of uncertain origin (cryptogenic). These alien species are dispersed across 33 taxonomic orders, including crustaceans, chilopods, diplopods, pauropods, Symphyla, mites, arachnids, and insects. However, insects largely dominate, accounting for more than 87% of the species, far in excess of mites (6.4%). Three of the insect orders, namely Coleoptera, Hemiptera and Hymenoptera, overall account for nearly 65 % of the total. The alien fauna seems to be highly diverse with a total of 257 families involved, of which 30 have no native representatives. However, just 11 families contribute more than 30 species, mainly aphids, scales and hymenopteran chalcids. For a number of families, the arrival of alien species has significantly modified the composition of the fauna in Europe. Examples are given. The number of new records of aliens per year has increased exponentially since the 16th century, but a significant acceleration was observed since the second half of the 20th century, with an average of 19.6 alien species newly reported per year in Europe between 2000 and 2008. This acceleration appears to be mainly related to the arrival of phytophagous species, probably with the plant trade, whereas the contribution of detritivores, parasitoids and predators has decreased. Some taxa have not shown any acceleration in the rate of arrivals. Asia has supplied the largest number of alien arthropods occurring in Europe (26.7 %), followed by North America (21.9%) but large differences in the region of origin are apparent between taxa. Once established, most alien species have not spread throughout Europe, at least yet, with 43.6 % of the species only present in one or two countries, and less than 1% present in more than 40 countries. Large differences also exist between European countries in the total number of alien arthropods recorded per country. Italy (700 species) and France (690 species), followed by Great Britain (533 species), host many more species than other countries. The number of alien species per country is significantly correlated with socioeconomic and demographic variables.

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Research Article Tue, 6 Jul 2010 00:00:00 +0300
Introduction. Chapter 1 https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/1842/ BioRisk 4: 5-9

DOI: 10.3897/biorisk.4.43

Authors: Wolfgang Nentwig, Melanie Josefsson

Abstract:

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Research Article Tue, 6 Jul 2010 00:00:00 +0300
DAISIE and arthropod invasions in Europe https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/1841/ BioRisk 4: 1-3

DOI: 10.3897/biorisk.4.41

Authors: Philip Hulme, David Roy

Abstract:

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Editorial Tue, 6 Jul 2010 00:00:00 +0300
A summary of birds recorded in the marshes of southern Iraq, 2005–-2008 https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/1840/ BioRisk 3: 205-219

DOI: 10.3897/biorisk.3.14

Authors: Mudhafar Salim, Richard Porter, Clayton Rubec

Abstract: The marshlands of Lower Mesopotamia witnessed severe draining programs during late 1980s and early 2000s, which turned vast areas of the former water body into desert areas. New field surveys of birds and their habitats in the marshes of southern Iraq were launched in 2005 through a national and international partnership of non-government organizations, ministries and donor agencies. This has resulted in the collection and collation of new data on the status, distribution and habitat requirements of birds and other biota in Key Biodiversity Areas (KBAs) in Iraq from 2005 to 2008. This paper summarizes the bird data obtained in these surveys in the southern marshes, during which 159 species of birds were recorded; of these 34 are considered to be of conservation concern, including eight that are globally threatened.

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Research Article Mon, 28 Dec 2009 00:00:00 +0200
Key Biodiversity Areas: Rapid assessment of birds in Kurdistan, northern Iraq https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/1839/ BioRisk 3: 187-203

DOI: 10.3897/biorisk.3.21

Authors: Korsh Ararat

Abstract: Bird surveys to help identify and assess Key Biodiversity Areas (KBAs) were undertaken in Kurdistan in the winter and summer of 2008. The winter survey was from 19 January to 8 February and the summer survey from 7 May to 16 June, a total of 45 days. During these periods a total of 34 sites were surveyed in the North Iraq governorates of Sulaimani, Erbil, and Dohuk and 185 species of birds recorded. Of these, according to IUCN criteria, one species was globally endangered, three vulnerable and two near threat- ened. In addition, 32 species were considered to be of conservation concern in Iraq, based on a system developed by Richard Porter. Of the species observed, 124 were confirmed or probable breeding, whilst 59 were winter visitors. The KBA selection process used the Middle East Important Bird Areas (IBAs) criteria, which considers seven species-based categories.

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Research Article Mon, 28 Dec 2009 00:00:00 +0200
Structure and ecological indices of the fish assemblage of the recently restored Al-Hammar Marsh, southern Iraq https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/1838/ BioRisk 3: 173-186

DOI: 10.3897/biorisk.3.11

Authors: Najah Hussain, Abdul-Razak Mohamed, Sajed Al Noor, Falah Mutlak, Ibrahim Abed, Brian Coad

Abstract: The aim of the present study is to determine the species composition, the structure of the fish assemblages, and to develop ecological indices in the restored east Al-Hammar Marsh. Fish were collected from October 2005 to September 2006 at two stations (Mansoury and Burkah). Fish samples contained freshwater species, both native and alien, and marine species. Thirty-one species were collected, eleven of them marine, the rest freshwater. Native species numbered 14 (45%), alien species 6 (19%) and marine species 11 (36%). Resident species formed 32.2%, seasonal species 16.0% and occasional species 51.6% of the fauna. The abundance of species varied, Liza abu being the most dominant species, with Carassius auratus ranking second and Acanthobrama marmid ranking third, comprising 35.8%, 23.6% and 10.6% respectively. Ecological indices were as follows: diversity ranged from 1.07 in November to 2.01 in July, richness ranged from 0.74 in December to 2.83 in July, and evenness ranged from 0.48 in November to 0.84 in December. The highest monthly similarity was in May at 77% and lowest in December at 29%. Water temperature showed medium correlations (0.62 and 0.58) with both the number of species and the total catch, respectively, while salinity exhibited weak positive correlations (0.05 and 0.26) with both the number and the total catch of species, respectively. Temperature is related to species number, presumably as a surrogate for many other seasonal changes.

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Research Article Mon, 28 Dec 2009 00:00:00 +0200
Key Biodiversity Areas: Rapid assessment of fish fauna in southern Iraq https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/1837/ BioRisk 3: 161-171

DOI: 10.3897/biorisk.3.15

Authors: Ibrahim Abed, Clayton Rubec, Brian Coad

Abstract: Surveys of fish in the southern marshes of Iraq are an integral component of the Key Biodiversity Areas (KBA) Project that was initiated in 2005 by Nature Iraq. This included sampling in the January to February and June periods of 2005, 2006 and 2007. Fish species occurrence, relative abundance, and weight and length were recorded. Species of importance for local consumption were noted. An initial project report included details and photographs of the species observed in 2005. Records based on interviews with local residents are noted. Sixteen “Species of Special Concern” are proposed, considering both economic and ecological factors that may be relevant to a future national fish management strategy in Iraq.

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Research Article Mon, 28 Dec 2009 00:00:00 +0200
Complex ex situ - in situ approach for conservation of endangered plant species and its application to Iris atrofusca of the Northern Negev https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/1836/ BioRisk 3: 137-160

DOI: 10.3897/biorisk.3.5

Authors: Sergei Volis, Michael Blecher, Yuval Sapir

Abstract: We introduce a novel approach for conservation of endangered plant species in which ex situ collections maintained in natural or semi-natural environment are a part of a complementary ex situ – in situ conservation strategy. We provide detailed guidelines for 1) representative sampling of the populations; 2) collection maintenance; and 3) utilization for in situ actions. Our approach is the first that explicitly takes into account ecologically significant (i.e. adaptive) variation of plants in both ex situ and in situ conservation actions. We propose that an important part of the conservation strategy is preserving both neutral and adaptive genetic diversity through a quasi in situ conservation approach. Finally, we demonstrate this approach using a critically endangered plant species, Iris atrofusca from the northern Negev, Israel.

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Research Article Mon, 28 Dec 2009 00:00:00 +0200
Lichens of Israel: diversity, ecology, and distribution https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/1835/ BioRisk 3: 127-136

DOI: 10.3897/biorisk.3.25

Authors: Marina Temina, Eviatar Nevo

Abstract: The biota of lichen-forming and lichenicolous fungi of different plant-geographical regions of Israel was analyzed. These areas differ in climatic conditions. A total of 350 species from 16 orders, 52 families, and 117 genera were recorded; among them 5% are endemic to the Levant. The highest species richness was found in the Mediterranean area. Species diversity of other areas with more arid climatic conditions were much poorer in comparison with species diversity found in the more humid and cooler Mediterranean region. Saxicolous lichens were the most common species. However, in the Sudanian penetration area, terricolous lichens dominated. Among phytogeographic elements, temperate species were dominant. However, the Sudanian penetration area was characterized by the dominance of Mediterranean and subcontinental species. Most of the lichens studied were xerophytic and photophytic species. They dominated all plant-geographical areas of Israel. In the Mediterranean region, mesophytic lichens were also common.

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Research Article Mon, 28 Dec 2009 00:00:00 +0200
Key Biodiversity Areas: Rapid assessment of phytoplankton in the Mesopotamian Marshlands of southern Iraq https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/1834/ BioRisk 3: 111-126

DOI: 10.3897/biorisk.3.20

Authors: Ghasak Al-Obaidi, Suad Salman, Clayton Rubec

Abstract: Between the summers of 2005 and 2007, studies have been conducted for five seasons in several marsh locations in southern Iraq. During five surveys, 317 taxa of phytoplankton belonging to six major groups were identified. These included: 204 taxa of Bacillariophyceae (represented by 13 Centrales and 191 Pennales, thus 14% and 27% respectively of all taxa recorded), 59 Chlorophyta (28%), one Cryptophyta (4%), 39 Cyanophyta (21%), 10 Euglenophyta (2%) and four Pyrrophyta (4% of all the taxa recorded). The Central Marsh, Hammar Marsh and the Hawizeh Marsh had higher phytoplankton populations compared to all other studied sites. The dominant phytoplankton groups throughout the study area were the Bacillariophyceae, Chlorophyta and Cyanophyta. The dominant species were Cyclotella meneghiniana, Kirchneriella irregularis and Nitzschia palea. A progression in the richness and biodiversity of species occurred during winter. These three phytoplankton groups were dominant in waters of southern Iraq and were responsible for most of the species richness and diversity observed. Generally, sites changed from summer to winter according to the changing conditions associated with nutrients, salinity, temperature, and light intensity. These controlling factors influenced phytoplankton biomass from season to season.

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Research Article Mon, 28 Dec 2009 00:00:00 +0200
Biodiversity of free-living flagellates in Kuwait’s intertidal sediments https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/1833/ BioRisk 3: 97-110

DOI: 10.3897/biorisk.3.16

Authors: Maria Saburova, Faiza Al-Yamani, Igor Polikarpov

Abstract: Taxonomic data of free-living benthic flagellates in Kuwait’s intertidal sediments are summarized. A full list of the species composition is presented, including distribution on different sediment types, species occurrence and light micrographs for each taxon identified. A total of 67 flagellate species were identified, representing six classes. Most of them are reported from Kuwait for the first time. The most abundant and diverse species were sand-dwelling dinoflagellates (43 taxa).

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Research Article Mon, 28 Dec 2009 00:00:00 +0200
Space-time variability of phytoplankton structure and diversity in the north-western part of the Arabian Gulf (Kuwait) https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/1832/ BioRisk 3: 86-96

DOI: 10.3897/biorisk.3.8

Authors: Igor Polikarpov, Faiza Al-Yamani, Maria Saburova

Abstract: Studies of the phytoplankton community were conducted in the north-western Arabian Gulf in 2005 and 2006. Seven stations throughout Kuwait’s waters were sampled. The influence of nutrient-rich freshwaters from the Shatt al-Arab resulted in high phytoplankton productivity characterized by high species diversity with a strong dominance of diatoms, especially in northern Kuwait. Phytoplankton species richness gradually increased from north to south. Spatial distribution of both total abundance and biomass of phytoplankton indicated significant differences in species structure and size spectrum of the microalgae. The analysis of the temporal and spatial phytoplankton variability (distribution of total abundance and biomass, similarity of species compositions and local community structure) indicated that Kuwait’s northern waters differed from areas further south in terms of phytoplankton structure and temporal and spatial variability. Environmental heterogeneity is mainly attributed to the influence of the Shatt al-Arab system, which affects the temporal and spatial variability of the phytoplankton community.

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Research Article Mon, 28 Dec 2009 00:00:00 +0200
Morphological, phylogenetic and physiological diversity of cyanobacteria in the hot springs of Zerka Ma https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/1831/ BioRisk 3: 69-82

DOI: 10.3897/biorisk.3.29

Authors: Aharon Oren, Danny Ionescu, Muna Hindiyeh, Hanan Malkawi

Abstract: The freshwater thermal springs of Zerka Ma'in, located in Jordan in the mountains of Moab east of the Dead Sea, are densely inhabited by cyanobacteria up to the highest temperature of 63°C. We have investigated the cyanobacterial diversity of these springs and their outflow channels by microscopic examination, culture-dependent and culture-independent phylogenetic analysis, and by physiological studies of selected isolates of special interest. Both unicellular and filamentous types of cyanobacteria are present, and we identified morphological types such as Thermosynechococcus, Chroogloeocystis, Fischerella (Mastigocladus), Scytonema (occurring as large masses at lower temperatures), and others. Although morphologically similar cyanobacteria have been identified in hot springs world-wide, the Zerka Ma’in strains were phylogenetically distinct based on 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis. Considerable diversity was detected also in the gene sequences of nifH (nitrogenase reductase), encoding one of the key enzymes involved in nitrogen fixation. Nitrogen fixation in a Mastigocladus isolate obtained from the springs was investigated in further depth. The heterocystous strain could fix nitrogen (as assayed by acetylene reduction) at tem peratures up to 53°C.

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Research Article Mon, 28 Dec 2009 00:00:00 +0200
Habitat mapping project of the proposed Iraqi Marshlands National Park area https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/1830/ BioRisk 3: 55-68

DOI: 10.3897/biorisk.3.19

Authors: Nabeel Abdulhasan

Abstract: New ecological surveys in support of the creation of the proposed Iraqi Marshlands National Park were undertaken by Nature Iraq in June 2008 at the Central Marshes in southern Iraq. Surveys that occurred in two focal areas - Al Chibaish Marsh (10 sites) and Abu Zirig Marsh (two sites) - were supported by a preliminary land cover survey in November 2007. Satellite images from 2007 for the Central Marshes were acquired to support creation of maps. The “Iraqi Marshlands Habitat Classiffcation System” based on vegetation types has been developed to inventory habitats in these marshlands and to develop a methodology for application elsewhere in Iraq. Six habitat classes (inland running water, river or canal; inland standing water; marsh vegetation; desert; woodlands; and herbaceous vegetation) are included in this classification system, each of which is divided into several subclasses. The dominant habitat subclasses in the Central Marshes study area are: (1) rooted submerged vegetation, (2) helophytic vegetation (reed bed or reed mace bed), (3) free-floating vegetation, (4) terrestrial vegetation-shrub, (5) unvegetated river or canal, (6) unvegetated desert, and (7) flooded communities. This paper constitutes a review of the progress in developing this habitat classification system that remains under development.

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Research Article Mon, 28 Dec 2009 00:00:00 +0200
The Key Biodiversity Areas Project in Iraq: Objectives and scope 2004–-2008 https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/1829/ BioRisk 3: 39-53

DOI: 10.3897/biorisk.3.12

Authors: Clayton Rubec, Azzam Alwash, Anna Bachmann

Abstract: Nature Iraq conducted biological surveys throughout Iraq during the 2004 to 2008 period under the Key Biodiversity Areas (KBA) Project. This continuing initiative comprises the largest and most comprehensive biological surveys to take place in Iraq in well over 25 years. Under the KBA Project in Iraq, Nature Iraq in cooperation with the Iraqi Ministry of Environment, has visited over one hundred sites in southern Iraq and in Kurdistan in northern Iraq to survey plants, fish, reptile, bird and mammal species. In addition, water quality physical parameters, sediment, plankton and benthic invertebrates were examined at these sites to determine the overall health of key habitat areas. Birds have been a primary focus of the surveys. This has involved the collection of data on these potential sites of key biological diversity including the identification of species, population counts and information on how species are using a site (e.g. breeding, feeding, migration, etc.). This paper provides an overview of this continuing project that will, over time, permit the refinement of data and the survey of more of Iraq as security improves within the country. The paper also summarizes current recommendations for the management of some of the KBA sites in Iraq.

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Review Article Mon, 28 Dec 2009 00:00:00 +0200
Urbanisation in the United Arab Emirates: The challenges for ecological mitigation in a rapidly developing country https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/1828/ BioRisk 3: 27-38

DOI: 10.3897/biorisk.3.18

Authors: Andrew Gardner, Brigitte Howarth

Abstract: The United Arab Emirates is a small Gulf country with perhaps the fastest rate of infrastructure development anywhere. While there is legislation in place requiring environmental impact assessments (EIA) to be undertaken for all major projects, the speed and scope of development provides special challenges in devising and implementing ecological mitigation against the loss of habitats and biodiversity that this development engenders. This paper critically discusses mitigation strategies that have been attempted, and suggests mitigation strategies in the local context. It is hoped that this will assist both the environmental consultants involved in the EIA process and the competent authorities who issue development licences, to the benefit of the remaining native biodiversity of the area.

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Review Article Mon, 28 Dec 2009 00:00:00 +0200
Tethys returns to the Mediterranean: Success and Limits of Tropical Re-Colonization https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/1826/ BioRisk 3: 5-19

DOI: 10.3897/biorisk.3.30

Authors: Francis Por

Abstract: Many thousands of tropical species have been settling in the Mediterranean during the last decades. This is the result of congruence between the present Climate Optimum, which is expressed in the warming of the sea and the opening of the contact with the Indo-pacific realm through the Suez Canal and a renewed entry through the Straits of Gibraltar. A historical review shows that tropical biota survived in the Mediterranean till the end of the Pliocene Climate Optimum and that presently we are witnessing a re-colonization of the Mediterranean by Tethyan descendants, rather than an invasion by harmful alien species as happens elsewhere. The limits of this resettling as witnessed today are discussed.

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Review Article Mon, 28 Dec 2009 00:00:00 +0200
The effects of climate change on biodiversity: Pressing issues and research priorities https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/1825/ BioRisk 3: 1-4

DOI: 10.3897/biorisk.3.40

Authors: Friedhelm Krupp, Lytton Musselman, Mohammed Kotb, Ilka Weidig

Abstract:

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Editorial Mon, 28 Dec 2009 00:00:00 +0200
Corrigenda: Climatic Risk Atlas of European Butterflies https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/1824/ BioRisk 2: 33-72

DOI: 10.3897/biorisk.2.38

Authors: Josef Settele, Otakar Kudrna, Alexander Harpke, Ingolf Kühn, Chris van Swaay, Rudi Verovnik, Martin Warren, Martin Wiemers, Jan Hanspach, Thomas Hickler, Elisabeth Kühn, Inge van Halder, Kars Veling, Albert Vliegenthart, Irma Wynhoff, Oliver Schweiger

Abstract: In the „Climatic Risk Atlas of European Butterflies” by Settele et al. (2008) some errors occurred for which we apologize and herewith present the corrections.

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Corrigenda Fri, 27 Nov 2009 00:00:00 +0200
Predicting distribution patterns and recent northward range shift of an invasive aquatic plant: Elodea canadensis in Europe https://biorisk.pensoft.net/article/1822/ BioRisk 2: 1-32

DOI: 10.3897/biorisk.2.4

Authors: Risto Heikkinen, Niko Leikola, Stefan Fronzek, Raino Lampinen, Heikki Toivonen

Abstract: Climate data and distribution data for the Canadian waterweed Elodea canadensis Michx. from North America, whole Europe and Finland were used to investigate the ability of bioclimatic envelope models to predict the distribution range and recent northward range shift of the species in Europe. Four different main types of models were developed using the North American data, including either three ‘baseline’ climate variables (growing degrees days, temperature of the coldest month, water balance) or an extended set of seven climate variables, both averaged either over a 30 year time slice or a longer 90 year time slice. Ten different random selections of pseudo-absences were generated from the North American data, on the basis of which ten separate generalized additive models (GAMs) were developed for each main model type. All the 40 developed GAMs were applied first to North America and then transferred to whole Europe and Finland. All the models showed a statistically highly significant accuracy in the three study areas. Although the differences among the four main model types were only minor, the two extended model types showed on average statistically better performance than the two baseline models based on Bayesian information criterion (BIC) values, the amount of deviance explained by the models, resubstitution validation and four-fold cross-validation in North America. They also provided slightly more accurate predictions of climatically suitable area for Elodea canadensis in Finland both in 1961–1984 and 1985–2006. However, the projections from the individual extended models were more variable than projections from the baseline models. Thus model predictions based on a variety of predictor variables but only one selection of pseudoabsences may be subject to biases, and outputs from multiple models should be investigated to better account for uncertainties in modelling. Overall, our results suggest that more attention should be paid to the careful selection of predictor variables and the use of multiple pseudo-absence sets in the ecological niche modelling in order to increase the reliability of the projections of the range shifts of invasive species.

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Research Article Fri, 27 Nov 2009 00:00:00 +0200